1/ This Appendix was prepared in FAO HQ, Rome, after the working party meeting, to illustrate the application of alternative methods of assessment. It has not been discussed by the working group as a whole.In the report of the working party, the effects of changes in mesh size were estimated using the yield-per-recruit tabulations of Beverton and Holt (1964), for different values of the size at fish capture (C, = lc/L¥). This approach makes use of the estimates of growth and mortality of the fish, but does not take account of possible variations in fishing mortality with age, (for fish above the selection range of the gear), or differences in the size composition between the catches of different fleets fishing the same stock. An alternative approach is that of Gulland (1961), in which the basic sets of information used are the size composition of the present catches, and estimates of the exploitation rate, E, i.e. the proportion of the fish in the sea that will ultimately be caught (= F/F + M in the case of constant mortality rates).
The importance of this to the hake fishery is shown by the differences between the sizes of hake apparently taken by Moroccan and Spanish fishermen. The greater part of the Moroccan catch is of fish less than 30 cm, which could be released by a 70 mm mesh. The fish caught by Spain are much larger, and most of the catch (at least in terms of weight) would be obtained by a 70 mm mesh. The effects of a larger mesh would therefore bear very unequally on the two fisheries, the benefits being much greater for the Spanish than for the Moroccan fishermen, and an analysis treating the fishery as a whole could be quite misleading.
The steps involved in calculating the immediate and long-term effects of a mesh-change, using the alternative method are as follows:
(i) Estimate the proportion of the present catch in each length-group which will be released if the mesh-size is increased (= Pi say).(ii) Estimate (for each section of the fishery) the numbers NR and weight YR of fish released
(NR = S Pi Ni; YR = S Pi Ni Wi),
where Ni is the number of fish caught of length i, and Wi is the average weight of fish of that size.
(iii) Calculate the total numbers released (NR = S NR, summing over all sections of the fishery), and the total numbers retained (NK = S NK, where NK = C - NR, and C is the number caught at present with the original mesh-size).
(iv) Estimate the numbers of the fish released which will ultimately be caught, taking account of (a) natural mortality between the time at release, and the time at which they will have grown big enough to be retained by the new larger mesh, and (b) the proportion of those reaching the latter size that will ultimately be caught (= E). That is, the numbers caught will be equal to NA, where
|
NA = E NR
e-Mt |
and |
M = natural mortality coefficient |
|
t = time between release and reaching the selection size of
the larger mesh |
(v) Calculate the proportion, Q, by which, in the long-run, the catches immediately after the change in mesh size, will be increased as a result of the capture of fish released by the larger mesh; this will be equal to the ratio of NA, the additional numbers caught, to NK, the numbers caught immediately after the change i.e.
(vi) Calculate, for each element of the fishery separately, the immediate loss jL, and the long-term effects jG
where |
|
|
(jY = initial weight caught by the jth
element of the fishery = jYK +
jYR) |
and |
1 + jG = (1 + Q) (1 - jL) |
A. Northern Stocks (M. merluccius fishery) (Changes in percent)
|
Mesh Change from 30 mm to:
|
Immediate Loss
|
Long-Term Gain |
||
E = .5 |
E = .7 |
E = .9 |
|||
Total |
40 mm |
1.6 |
5.4 |
8.1 |
10.9 |
Fishery |
50 mm |
8.0 |
16.1 |
25.7 |
35.3 |
60 mm |
17.6 |
34.3 |
55.1 |
75.8 |
|
70 mm |
26.9 |
59.5 |
94.1 |
128.7 |
|
Morocco |
40 mm |
2.6 |
4.3 |
7.1 |
9.8 |
50 mm |
17.3 |
4.2 |
12.9 |
21.5 |
|
60 mm |
40.1 |
-2.4 |
12.7 |
27.7 |
|
70 mm |
60.8 |
-14.4 |
4.2 |
22.8 |
|
Spain |
40 mm |
1.0 |
6.0 |
8.8 |
11.6 |
50 mm |
2.0 |
23.6 |
33.9 |
44.1 |
|
60 mm |
3.3 |
57.6 |
82.0 |
106.2 |
|
70 mm |
5.4 |
106.4 |
156.9 |
202.7 |
B. Southern Stocks (M. spp.)
Mesh Change from 60 mm to:
|
Immediate Loss
|
Long-Term Gain |
||
E = .5 |
E = .7 |
E = .9 |
||
70 mm |
2.3 |
1.8 |
3.5 |
5.2 |
80 mm |
6.3 |
3.1 |
7.2 |
11.4 |
Looking at the individual countries, Spanish catches would be increased very considerably, for all values of E, and their immediate losses are comparatively small. Moroccan fishermen would gain less, and if the rate of fishing is lower than expected, they might even lose in the long term. In any case the mesh-size that would give them the largest catch (but at the expense of reduced total catch) are less than 70 mm. These are, as underlined in the table, 40 mm if E = 0.5, 50 mm if E = 0.7 and 60 mm if E = 0.9.
Reference
Gulland, J.A., 1961 The estimation of the effect on catches of changes in gear selectivity. J. Cons. CIEM, 26 (2): 204-14
C1 =Captures espagnoles (BAKAS)Tableau 2: MERLUCCIUS spp. 1/: CAPTURES (EN TONNES), CAPTURES PAR UNITE DEFFORT ET DONNEES DEFFORT TOTAL POUR LE SECTEUR NORD DE LA ZONE COPACE
C2 = Captures marocaines
C3 - Captures espagnoles (TRIOS)
E1 = Effort espagnol (BAKAS), tjb
E2 = Effort marocain, tjb
CPUE1 =
CPUE2 =
CPUE3 =
C1 = Captures portugaises (tonnes)Tableau 3: M. MERLUCCIUS: COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS DES TRAITS DE CHALUTS EXPLORATOIRES DANS LES EAUX MAROCAINES (1973-76) AVEC DES CHALUTS DE TYPE COMMERCIAL (Toutes zones (profondeurs en mètres))C2 = Captures espagnoles (tonnes)
C3 = Captures soviétiques (tonnes)
E1 = Effort portugais (milliers dheures de pêche)
C1/E = CPUE de la flottille portugaise (kg/heure de pêche)
1/Y compris petites quantités de M. cadenati
2/Captures totales pour 1964 non disponibles. De 1965 à 1969: Bulletin statistique COPACE. Captures de 1973-75: Estimations scientifiques
3/Captures espagnoles non incluses
Tableau 4
M. MERLUCCIUS: ESTIMATIONS DE LA COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS DES CAPTURES MAROCAINES ET ESPAGNOLES (SUR LA BASE DU TABLEAU 3) (milliers)
cm |
Maroc |
Espagne |
Totaux |
|
6-7 |
|
143 |
143 |
|
8-9 |
62 |
300 |
362 |
|
10-11 |
362 |
956 |
1 318 |
1 823 |
12-13 |
1 557 |
1 539 |
3 096 |
|
14-15 |
1 896 |
1 459 |
3 355 |
|
16-17 |
7 298 |
714 |
8 012 |
14 463 |
18-19 |
9 575 |
712 |
10 287 |
|
20-21 |
8 625 |
333 |
8 958 |
|
22-23 |
5 310 |
672 |
5 982 |
25 227 |
24-25 |
3 240 |
649 |
3 889 |
|
26-27 |
1 962 |
527 |
2 489 |
|
28-29 |
1 234 |
522 |
1 756 |
8 134 |
30-31 |
600 |
665 |
1 265 |
|
32-33 |
539 |
890 |
1 429 |
|
34-35 |
361 |
834 |
1 195 |
3 889 |
36-37 |
247 |
981 |
1 228 |
|
38-39 |
109 |
693 |
802 |
|
40-41 |
53 |
876 |
929 |
2 959 |
42-43 |
47 |
796 |
843 |
|
44-45 |
23 |
586 |
609 |
|
46-47 |
23 |
396 |
419 |
1 871 |
48-49 |
22 |
288 |
310 |
|
50-51 |
14 |
159 |
173 |
|
52-53 |
11 |
159 |
170 |
653 |
54-55 |
5 |
108 |
113 |
|
56-57 |
5 |
98 |
103 |
|
58-59 |
8 |
98 |
106 |
322 |
60-61 |
2 |
63 |
65 |
|
62-63 |
8 |
82 |
90 |
|
64-65 |
5 |
68 |
73 |
228 |
66-67 |
3 |
54 |
57 |
|
68-69 |
- |
75 |
75 |
|
70-71 |
- |
49 |
49 |
181 |
72-73 |
3 |
54 |
57 |
|
74-75 |
- |
23 |
23 |
|
76-77 |
2 |
14 |
16 |
96 |
78-79 |
|
9 |
9 |
|
80-81 |
|
5 |
5 |
|
82-83 |
|
2 |
2 |
16 |
84-85 |
|
- |
- |
|
86-87 |
|
7 |
7 |
|
88-89 |
|
35 |
35 |
46 |
94-95 |
|
2 |
2 |
|
104-105 |
|
2 |
2 |
|
N° |
43 211 |
16 697 |
59 908 |
|
Poids (kg) |
4 095 |
5 422 |
9 517 |
|
Tableau 5
MERLUCCIUS spp.: ESTIMATION DE LA COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS DES CAPTURES ESPAGNOLES, PORTUGAISES ET SOVIETIQUES DE MERLUCCIUS spp., POUR LA PERIODE 1970-76, SUR LA BASE DECHANTILLONS CAPTURES PAR DES NAVIRES PORTUGAIS (cf. Annexe 4) (milliers)
Longueurs (cm) |
1970 |
1971 |
1972 |
1973 |
1974 |
1975 |
1976 |
16-17 |
1 |
0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
18-19 |
27 |
39 |
2 |
- |
731 |
- |
- |
20-21 |
536 |
200 |
33 |
- |
6 107 |
1 271 |
- |
22-23 |
1 991 |
966 |
105 |
164 |
16 499 |
2 442 |
- |
24-25 |
5 094 |
1 302 |
221 |
3 876 |
16 307 |
11 787 |
4 |
26-27 |
7 068 |
2 632 |
503 |
19 590 |
8 275 |
17 245 |
132 |
28-29 |
9 263 |
4 354 |
1 051 |
26 061 |
7 044 |
17 643 |
849 |
30-31 |
10 056 |
5 798 |
2 317 |
17 268 |
9 186 |
14 728 |
2 829 |
32-33 |
6 832 |
6 483 |
3 462 |
14 301 |
18 475 |
14 528 |
9 675 |
34-35 |
4 856 |
6 841 |
4 369 |
22 426 |
33 794 |
13 382 |
19 501 |
36-37 |
4 566 |
5 588 |
4 446 |
37 153 |
44 546 |
13 706 |
20 746 |
38-39 |
4 804 |
4 577 |
6 354 |
40 187 |
40 864 |
21 680 |
19 369 |
40-41 |
5 280 |
5 158 |
7 587 |
33 168 |
27 520 |
29 455 |
20 407 |
42-43 |
3 993 |
4 661 |
7 609 |
19 119 |
18 488 |
24 945 |
18 917 |
44-45 |
3 021 |
3 165 |
8 041 |
11 684 |
13 561 |
14 503 |
16 238 |
46-47 |
2 014 |
2 229 |
6 144 |
7 545 |
11 598 |
13 058 |
11 995 |
48-49 |
1 433 |
1 660 |
4 363 |
4 084 |
7 813 |
11 837 |
9 128 |
50-51 |
1 089 |
1 466 |
2 511 |
2 343 |
4 375 |
10 118 |
7 073 |
52-53 |
702 |
985 |
1 200 |
1 445 |
1 925 |
6 753 |
5 149 |
54-55 |
437 |
672 |
647 |
865 |
821 |
3 140 |
3 979 |
56-57 |
236 |
439 |
525 |
613 |
475 |
1 620 |
2 339 |
58-59 |
124 |
262 |
382 |
503 |
462 |
573 |
962 |
60-61 |
89 |
242 |
276 |
515 |
346 |
374 |
792 |
62-63 |
67 |
120 |
249 |
263 |
218 |
299 |
321 |
64-65 |
37 |
110 |
77 |
120 |
154 |
199 |
321 |
66-67 |
37 |
116 |
17 |
11 |
103 |
50 |
207 |
68-69 |
25 |
113 |
66 |
33 |
90 |
100 |
75 |
70-71 |
10 |
87 |
77 |
|
38 |
50 |
75 |
72-73 |
15 |
84 |
28 |
|
38 |
50 |
38 |
74-75 |
2 |
29 |
11 |
|
38 |
2 |
38 |
76-77 |
1 |
32 |
44 |
|
26 |
25 |
19 |
78-79 |
5 |
6 |
11 |
|
13 |
- |
- |
80-81 |
1 |
3 |
17 |
|
- |
|
19 |
82-83 |
2 |
0 |
- |
|
13 |
|
- |
Nombre total |
73 763 |
60 420 |
62 745 |
263 340 |
289 945 |
245 564 |
171 196 |
Capture (tonnes) |
23 682 |
23 540 |
37 947 |
101 623 |
112 066 |
99 322 |
88 643 |
Poids (g) |
320 |
390 |
600 |
390 |
390 |
400 |
520 |
Tableau 6
M. MERLUCCIUS: FICHE DANALYSE DES COHORTES DE LA COMPOSITION DES LONGUEURS
Groupe de longueur |
Captures |
Estimations du nombre |
Taux dexploitation |
|
6-12 |
1 823 |
79 431 |
(0,33) |
|
12-18 |
14 463 |
73 826 |
0,70 |
=.74 |
18-24 |
25 227 |
53 309 |
0,85 |
|
24-30 |
8 134 |
23 722 |
0,79 |
|
30-36 |
3 889 |
13 482 |
0,76 |
|
36-42 |
2 959 |
8 357 |
0,78 |
|
42-48 |
1 871 |
4 553 |
0,81 |
|
48-54 |
653 |
2 238 |
0,70 |
|
54-60 |
322 |
1 310 |
0,64 |
|
60-66 |
228 |
806 |
0,67 |
|
66-72 |
181 |
468 |
0,74 |
|
72-78 |
96 |
223 |
0,73 |
|
78-84 |
16 |
92 |
(0,47) |
|
84 + |
46 |
58 |
(0,80) |
|
Tableau 7
MERLUCCIUS spp.: FICHE POUR DETERMINER LA COMPOSITION DE LONGUEUR PAR LANALYSE DES COHORTES
Groupe de longueur |
Nombre moyen |
Nombre moyen |
Nombre en mer |
Taux dexploitation |
18-19 |
244 |
|
539 756,8 |
|
20-21 |
2 459 |
|
|
|
22-23 |
6 368 |
9 071 |
|
(0,10) |
24-25 |
10 657 |
|
|
|
26-27 |
15 037 |
|
|
|
28-29 |
16 916 |
42 610 |
445 230,6 |
|
30-31 |
13 794 |
|
|
0,37 |
32-33 |
15 768 |
|
|
|
34-35 |
23 201 |
52 763 |
329 222,8 |
|
36-37 |
31 802 |
|
|
0,48 |
38-39 |
34 244 |
|
|
|
40-41 |
30 048 |
96 094 |
219 183,8 |
|
42-43 |
20 851 |
|
|
0,73 |
44-45 |
13 249 |
|
|
|
46-47 |
10 734 |
44 834 |
87 765,3 |
|
48-49 |
7 911 |
|
|
0,75 |
50-51 |
5 612 |
|
|
|
52-53 |
3 374 |
16 897 |
27 965,6 |
|
54-55 |
1 609 |
|
|
0,77 |
56-57 |
903 |
|
|
|
58-59 |
513 |
3 025 |
6 063,0 |
|
60-61 |
412 |
|
|
0,69 |
62-63 |
260 |
|
|
|
64-65 |
158 |
830 |
1 689,6 |
|
66-67 |
55 |
|
|
0,65 |
68-69 |
63 |
|
|
|
70-71 |
29 |
147 |
417,3 |
|
72-73 |
29 |
|
|
0,50 |
74-75 |
13 |
|
|
|
76-77 |
17 |
59 |
124,5 |
|
78-79 |
4 |
|
|
0,54 |
80-81 |
0 |
8 |
16,0 |
|
82-83 |
4 |
|
|
|
Valeurs utiliséesTableau 9: M. MERLUCCIUS: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE LAGE EN DEBUT DE CAPTUREM =0,20Valeur actuelle de E = 0,70
lc = 14 cm(a) M/K =1,75 c = 0,11
(b) M/K = 2,00 c = 0,11
(c) M/K = 2,50 c = 0,11
(d) M/K = 2,50 c = 0,18
1/ Niveau actuelValeurs utilisées
M =0,20Valeur actuelle de c = 14
F =0,60
Facteur de sélection =3,6(a) E = 0,75 M/K = 2,00
(b) E = 0,75 M/K = 1,75
(c) E = 0,75 M/K = 2,50
(d) E = 0,50 M/K = 2,50
Tableau 10
MERLUCCIUS spp.: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE LEFFORT
E |
F |
Rendement par recrue |
Rendement par recrue |
||||
a |
b |
c |
a |
b |
c |
||
0,10 |
0,03 |
10,3 |
8,2 |
5,3 |
27 |
26 |
25 |
0,15 |
0,05 |
15,0 |
11,9 |
7,7 |
39 |
38 |
36 |
0,20 |
0,07 |
19,2 |
15,2 |
9,9 |
50 |
49 |
46 |
0,25 |
0,09 |
23,0 |
18,3 |
11,9 |
60 |
59 |
56 |
0,30 |
0,12 |
26,4 |
21,0 |
13,7 |
69 |
68 |
64 |
0,35 |
1,50 |
29,4 |
23,4 |
15,4 |
77 |
75 |
72 |
0,40 |
0,19 |
32,0 |
25,5 |
16,8 |
84 |
82 |
79 |
0,45 |
0,23 |
34,1 |
27,2 |
18,0 |
89 |
87 |
85 |
0,50 |
0,28 |
35,8 |
28,7 |
19,0 |
94 |
92 |
89 |
0,55 |
0,34 |
37,0 |
29,8 |
19,9 |
97 |
96 |
93 |
0,60 |
0,42 |
37,9 |
30,5 |
20,5 |
99 |
98 |
96 |
0,65 |
0,52 |
38,2 |
31,0 |
21,0 |
100 |
100 |
99 |
0.701/ |
0,65 |
38,2 |
31,1 |
21,3 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
0,75 |
0,84 |
37,7 |
30,9 |
21,4 |
99 |
99 |
100 |
0,80 |
1,12 |
36,9 |
30,5 |
21,4 |
97 |
98 |
100 |
0,85 |
1,59 |
35,8 |
29,8 |
21,2 |
94 |
96 |
100 |
0,90 |
2,52 |
34,3 |
28,9 |
20,9 |
90 |
93 |
98 |
1/Niveau actuelTableau 11: MERLUCCIUS spp.: FICHE DE CALCUL DU RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE - VARIATIONS DE LAGE EN DEBUT DE CAPTUREValeurs utilisées
M = 28Valeur actuelle de E = 0,70(a) M/K = 1,75 c = 0,44
(b) M/K = 2,00 c = 0,44
(c) M/K = 2,50 c = 0,44
Valeurs utiliséesFigure 1: ATLANTIC, EASTERN CENTRAL (Major Fishing Area 34) - ATLANTIQUE. CENTRE-EST (Zone de Pêche Principale 34) - ATLANTICO, CENTRO-ORIENTAL (Area de Pesca Principal 34)Valeur actuelle de c = 0,44
(a) E = 0,70 M/K = 1,75
(b) E = 0,70 M/K = 2,00
(c) E = 0,70 M/K = 2,50
(d) E = 0,60 M/K = 2,50
Figure 2: DISTRIBUTION DES MERLUS DANS LE SECTEUR NORD DE LA ZONE COPACE (daprès Bravo de Laguna, sous presse)
Figure 6: M. MERLUCCIUS: RAPPORT EXISTANT ENTRE RENDEMENT PAR RECRUE ET TAUX DE MORTALITE (F)