Fahad AL-HASSAWI (Kuwait) (Original language Arabic) : This session of the general Conference is of particular importance. It is one which finds the Organization at a crossroads. One of those roads shows the many achievements of alleviating hunger and poverty, animal and agricultural resource management, realized under the leadership of Dr Edouard Saouma, this man who, thanks to his distinctive personality and to his determination, kept the Organization at the forefront. The other road is one pointing to changes that can be expected under the leadership of the new Director-General. Mr President, we congratulate you on your leadership of this present session of the general Conference. We have every confidence in your ability to lead our deliberations during this historic session. We congratulate you and your Vice Presidents and wish you every success. We also welcome all new members of this Orgsinization, and we would like to take this opportunity to extend our warm thanks and appreciation to our dear friend Edouard Saouma for the continuous efforts he exerted during his stewardship of this Organization. We wish him every success in the future and have no doubts that the future will also be full of action and challenges. A personality such as his does not know the meaning of inaction. Our special congratulations to Dr Jacques Diouf on his election to this important position. He won this important position after waging an honourable campaign with all the other candidates.
The number of candidates for the post of Director-General is eloquent witness to the importance attached by member countries to this Organization. Mr President, we shall be celebrating FAO's 50th anniversary in two years' time. The Organization has indeed played an important and responsible role within its spheres of competence and has contributed to the improvement of food and agriculture, a contribution which has led to solutions of complex problems locally, regionally, and internationally. And yet, there still remain very complex problems requiring innovative solutions and new ideas.
The quest for solutions, perhaps, is going to become more difficult in the future. The Organization, under the leadership of the new Director-General, will have to keep pace with new international responsibilities. It must be ready to adopt internationally-agreed priorities to prepare the transition from the 20th Century to the 21st. And, therefore, it should contribute to establishing the right to the regional and international climate, one capable of responding to major new problems and especially in developing countries, so that those countries can join in the quest for the right solutions.
Mr President, the world --and especially the developing world-- is still witnessing hunger, poverty, and instability. It is still threatened not only with natural disasters such as floods and desertification, but also with instability caused by conflicts and wars. For many countries this means starting the developing process all over again. In addition, there is the constant depletion of natural resources. We now know that soil, water, and climate are no longer the only components to guarantee agricultural
development; but the good management of resources, with an aim to achieve sustainable agricultural development, will be one of the major priorities which this Organization has to concentrate on.
The Organization will not find it easy to obtain new or additional financial resources. Just as is the case of protecting natural resources for future generations, so is it for financial resources available to international and regional organizations involved in international development. Donor countries are finding difficulties in continuing their financial -aid to many of these organizations. Developing countries obviously want to benefit: but, because of the large number of such organizations and the duplications of their competencies, many of them have become a hindrance and not a help to the development process. Cooperation and coordination must break free of stultified formality to develop into solid and able realities concentrating on the priorities and needs of developing countries. The FAO must preserve its credibility through fruitful cooperation with the United Nations and specialized agencies and especially with IFAD, WFP, UNDP, as well as all the regional, economic and social committees and organizations.
During the coming phase the Organization must be active in promoting and implementing the International Desertification Convention, and it has to play a central role in the framework of implementing Agenda 21 of UNCED, that agenda which concentrates in particular on sustainable forest and fisheries development.
We hope that the new Director-General will remember the issues which the candidates in their elections concentrated on, basic problems which must be awarded special priority in the Organization's plans of action. For example, strengthening developing countries' capacity for achieving sustainable agricultural development and institution building, helping to preserve the environment with all its riches, and developing those countries' negotiating expertise for bilateral and negotiating instruments.
As for decisions on future actions and priorities, those must be taken jointly by the Director-General and Member States, with due care given to the financial and technical resources available to the Organization. Member States should also have more to say on the Organization's programmes.
As for activities, priorities have to be revised, especially in times of economic stringency. But, of course, provision and reappraisal must not be at the expense of those programmes and major activities which developing countries so badly need.
More than one candidate for the post of Director-General promised great changes if elected. Change is necessary, Sir, in order to equip this Organization to keep up with international changes and developments, but we are not asking for a revolution -- no. What we want is gradual, phased, necessary change, carried out jointly by the Organization and its members.
The Near East is characterized by drought, desertification, paucity of drinking water, salinization and all the resulting dangers to the groundwater table. Agriculture in this area is dependent on irrigation. Therefore, water and land management in the protection of forage land from over-grazing and desertification control must be accorded the necessary importance in this Organization.
Our region has not attained food self-sufficiency, and food security is one of our major problems. Agriculture and agro-industries must gain greater importance to stem the drift from rural to urban areas and, with it, the disappearance of customs and traditions. We also are in need of developing food conservation and stocking techniques. The development of fisheries resources in our area and the encouragement of special research and acquaculture are amongst the most important factors at present for us to encourage auto-dependence and partial self-sufficiency in food as well as providing a rich source of protein.
We hope the Organization will help countries of this region to identify the best way to utilize our water resources. As His Excellency, President Elias Hraoui said in his lecture last Saturday, the size of land in our region is very limited and we are threatened by famine. We in this Organization attend these meetings to respond to such challenges. This Organization, as an international forum, is a meeting place of developed and developing countries, and all of them exert efforts to diagnose and to find the right solutions.
Environmentalists in the Middle East are increasingly worried by the use of unwanted pesticide stocks in controlling locusts. Their use could have adverse effects on their environment and human health, and the Organization should afford this particular matter absolute priority.
At this time last year, the State of Kuwaiit received a mission of seven experts from the FAO to help us in agricultural planning, organization, human development, training, and fish and animal and water resources development. The mission came in order to reassess the agricultural sector after the setback in development efforts caused by the illegal Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. The expert mission's report fully reflected the present state of the agricultural sector and the ravages it suffered. The main Report and its technical annexes contain a number of recommendations. The General Directorate of Agriculture and Fisheries in the State of Kuwait started to implement a number of these recommendations, and we hope to strengthen our ties with FAO to benefit from the expertise it offers Member States.
Finally, Mr President, I would like to again thank our friend, Dr Saouma, and express our wish that the new Director-General will have every success in discharging his great responsibilities. May God's peace and blessings be upon you all.
David BOWBN (Barbados): Mr Chairman, distinguished ministers and heads of delegations, ladies and gentlemen: As I rise to address this Conference, I do so with a sense of both pleasure and pride. I am pleased at the continued efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization to provide a forum where representatives of the world community could discuss agricultural issues affecting us all, and I am proud that Barbados, as a small developing island nation, is once again able to be present and to take part in the deliberations.
Let me at the outset congratulate you, Mr Chairman, on your appointment to the chair. I am particularly heartened that a fellow minister from the Caribbean has been entrusted with this responsibility and I am confident that, under your leadership, the successful management and conclusion of this Conference is assured.
Permit me to also express my gratitude and best wishes to .the outgoing Director-General, Dr Edouard Saouma. He has unselfishly served the Organization over the last two decades and his yeoman service has greatly contributed to the high profile which FAO has maintained throughout the world. Barbados was indeed happy to receive him when we hosted the 19th FAO Regional Conference for Latin America and the Caribbean in August, 1986. I wish him well in all his future endeavours.
I want to congratulate Mr Jacques Diouf who has been elected as the new Director-General. I welcome him to this high office, and pledge the support of Barbados to the efforts which I know he will make to carry the Organization into the 21st century.
Once again, the agenda comprises items that reflect FAO's continued monitoring of and its sensitivity to the issues affecting agriculture, on a global scale. As far as this Conference is concerned, the major difference is the changing international climate within which these issues must be considered. I have no doubt, however, that they would be given adequate treatment during the course of our deliberations.
Statistics and information provided in documentation for this Conference indicate that overall, 1992 was a poor year for agriculture with no less than two-thirds of all developing countries recording stagnant or declining levels of per capita food production. Overall agricultural production in developing countries rose by 1.7 percent, about half of the average growth rate for the previous ten years, while agricultural production in North America recovered significantly, contributing more than 90 percent of the world's total increases in 1992.
These statistics represent the trend of international agriculture over the last decade or so, and signal the importance which must be attached to the task of reversing this pattern where the prosperous seem to be becoming more prosperous as the poor continue to suffer. It is still true, that while food production and food availability at the global level show increases, there remain millions of people in developing countries who suffer from the negative impact of reduced food production, not the least of which is inadequate nutrition.
The agricultural concerns of small developing countries, like Barbados, are best understood within the context of the current world economic situation. Seemingly, as we move more towards a world community, as we witness the formation of large trading blocs and as efforts towards trade liberalization are pursued, developing countries are having to pay the price more and more for these developments.
The issue of world trade, particularly as it relates to agricultural produce, remains of great concern to the developing world. With the creation of the European Single Market, GATT negotiations towards trade liberalization, together with trade protectionist policies being pursued by developed countries, it is becoming clear to us that benefits will vary from one country to another and that many states would be disadvantaged. While we appreciate the fact that many of these developments are necessary within the current international economic climate, the importance of agriculture to our developing economies causes us to be more than a little concerned.
You are aware that we rely on agriculture to enable us to achieve some measure of food security, to generate employment and to earn foreign
exchange. Consequently, anything which impacts negatively on our agriculture will pose a threat to our livelihood. Much economic activity in our countries, for example, is generated by the export of sugar, bananas, rum, rice and a number of other products exported under special regimes such as that negotiated in the Lomé Conventions between the African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) and the European Communities. Consequently, we in Barbados, the Caribbean and the ACP as a whole cannot stand idly by and allow any of these special regimes to be eroded. There can be no compromise on this point and we in Barbados and the Caribbean, in particular, are prepared to tell this to the international community in our strongest voice.
Our interpretation of the developments that are taking place is that we are being asked to indiscriminately open our front doors, but we shiver and we are hesitant because we fear that our houses would be completely taken over and broken down. In other words, the international economic situation threatens the very existence of our small island states, and this threat is particularly manifested in our agriculture.
Our concern about the state of our agriculture is also linked to the need for us to maintain adequate levels of food availability and, by extension, food security. We want to ensure proper nutrition for our peoples. You are aware that the matter of nutrition is now receiving major attention by FAO and WHO and other international agencies as attested to by the convening of the International Conference on Nutrition last year. Barbados has followed up on this Conference by hosting a national Workshop on Food and Nutrition Strategies for Barbados up to the Year 2000. We are now assessing the results of that Workshop from which it is expected that a food and nutrition policy and programme will be launched.
Small island states like Barbados and most of those in the Caribbean are already limited in their agricultural production by virtue of their small land area and our homogeneous climate. We find it difficult to feed our people from domestic sources only and therefore are forced to import a significant amount of our food with consequential impact, not only on our agriculture but also on our balance of trade and balance of payments.
As a consequence, we are forced to seek redress through structural adjustment programmes. These programmes bring with them conditionalities from international financial agencies that require the reduction of consumer spending, the elimination of barriers to those from the outside wishing to access our markets and the curtailment of Government expenditure, especially on social programmes. These are consequences which impact adversely on the standard of living and the quality of life of our citizens. This is a dilemma that has to be our utmost concern. And here I would call upon the new Director-General to direct the Organization to intensify its efforts to assist countries technically and otherwise with their agriculture, while they are undergoing structural adjustment programmes.
The development of our agriculture is intimately bound up with the preservation of our environment. The management and conservation of our natural resource base encompassed in our concept of sustainable development, remains a critical component of our development and one in which small island states need continuing support. I wish to reiterate a call made at the Inter-regional Conference of Small Island Countries on Sustainable Development and Environment in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries held last year in Barbados. We appealed for greater cooperation
and understanding from the international community in our efforts to achieve sustainable development. Our peculiar needs as small island states make it impossible for us to be compared with or be expected to perform like other countries. That is why, arising out of that conference, recommendations were made towards, inter alia: the integrated planning of both marine and terrestrial environment to prevent their degradation and to soundly utilize the full potential of the natural resource base; diversification of the economy to enhance its resilience and to create new sources of income; and the introduction of appropriate technology to enhance the well-tested know-how which we already have in place.
The Declaration coming from that Conference - known as the Bridgetown Declaration - has not lost any of its importance to us. As you know, Barbados will be host, in April next year, to the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. It is expected that FAO will play a significant role in the discussions in the Conference so that the relationship between the environment and agriculture, forestry and fisheries will always be in focus. Indeed, it seems to me that FAO will have to develop a comprehensive programme to meet the concerns of the small island states across the globe.
I would like to take this opportunity to echo a call made by my colleague from Dominica and to invite the newly elected Director-General to attend a conference so that he may have a first hand view of the issues and problems facing the Caribbean as they relate to agriculture.
Barbados and the wider Caribbean region continue to be appreciative of assistance received from FAO through technical assistance programmes at both the national and regional levels. I believe that the Organization will continue to play a critical role in the development of agriculture in developing countries. But not only will we call on FAO for assistance, but on other international and regional agencies as well. We are, therefore, cognizant of the fact that there must be a coordinated approach to assistance we receive from regional and international agencies in order to ensure that scarce resources are put to their fullest and most efficient use. In this connection, at a recent meeting of the Inter-American Board of Agriculture held in Mexico, Ministers instructed the Director-General of the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture to consult with FAO to rationalize the roles of the two organizations in the Latin America and Caribbean Region.
Mr Chairman, I have sought to alert this Conference to some of the concerns which we in Barbados and the Caribbean have with regard to our agriculture. I recognize and am grateful for the efforts which FAO has been making and continues to make in this regard, but I am also aware that the Organization does not have all the answers and that there are wider economic factors which must be taken into consideration. I appealed for greater cooperation among international agencies and the donor community and recipients in ensuring that resources made available are put to their fullest use. I expect that many of the issues to which I have adverted will be addressed during this Conference as it deliberates on the FAO programmes proposed for the next decade or so. My confidence in this Organization as the primary agency to assist in our agricultural development, remains undaunted.
Nicolas K. NOMEDJI (Togo): Monsieur le Président, Monsieur le Directeur général, MM. les Ministres, Honorables Délégués, Excellences, Mesdames et Messieurs, permettez-moi tout d'abord de joindre ma voix à celles de ceux
qui m'ont précédé pour féliciter tous les membres du Bureau de notre Conférence et les assurer de notre entière collaboration.
Depuis la précédente session de notre Conférence, les conditions économiques de nos pays sont restées stationnaires. La situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle demeure toujours précaire. Les foyers de conflit et les troubles civils se généralisent et accentuent ainsi la dégradation des conditions de vie des populations.
Le renouveau démocratique d'inspiration populaire, amorcé depuis quelque temps, n'a pas encore trouvé son expression institutionnelle dans tous les pays africains. Ce processus irréversible et pour l’ instant fragile engendre une instabilité qui fait du tort à nos économies déjà éprouvées.
Ainsi de nouvelles difficultés viennent s'ajouter aux multiples causes complexes qui sont déjà responsables de la détérioration de la situation en Afrique subsaharienne. Les récentes délibérations de la Banque mondiale et du Fonds monétaire international sont assez éloquentes et, aujourd'hui, l'idée d'une réunion sur la paupérisation en Afrique fait son chemin de façon certaine.
Et pourtant, on n'a jamais tant écrit, tant réfléchi, tant débattu et discouru sur ce thème en relation avec les politiques agricoles et sur la nécessité d'entreprendre des réformes.
De nombreuses solutions à la fois techniques, économiques, politiques, sociales voire humaines à la crise de l' aigriculture africaine ont été proposées et les meilleures stratégies élaborées.
Malgré les efforts consentis et les nombreuses réformes entreprises, beaucoup de défis sont à relever dans le secteur. La FAO dont la noble mission, exprimée dans le préambule de l'acte constitutif, à savoir l'élimination de la faim, de la malnutrition et de la pauvreté dans le monde, continue d'intensifier ses interventions à travers des actions qu'elle veut de plus en plus efficaces en vue d'atteindre les objectifs assignés. Des progrès ont été enregistrés et sont chaque jour plus sensibles.
A ce sujet, je voudrais, en guise de témoignage, exprimer à la FAO toute notre appréciation pour la rapidité avec laquelle elle a récemment réagi aux requêtes du Togo, en mettant en place un Programme de coopération technique (PCT) pour la lutte contre le charbon bactéridien, et en envoyant dans mon pays une équipe d'experts chargés d'étudier le cas d'infestation inquiétante des mouches blanches.
Excellences, Mesdames et Messieurs, si les résultats obtenus n'ont pu combler tous nos espoirs, c'est qu'il y a quelque part une défaillance qu'il nous faut apprécier et corriger.
Aujourd'hui, aucune considération de conjoncture, si pressante soit-elle, ne saurait justifier l'immobilisme.
La sincère contribution de tous les Etats, et la ferme volonté de coopérer sur le plan national, régional et international, pour bâtir un monde beaucoup plus conforme aux aspirations profondes de nos peuples et beaucoup plus rassurant pour les générations futures nous semblent être la seule issue.
Je voudrais, à ce stade, exprimer notre profonde gratitude à tous nos partenaires pour leurs appuis constants aux efforts de développement du Togo et les inviter à poursuivre cette assistance, surtout en cette période de toutes les difficultés.
A ce titre, je suis heureux de déclarer à la face du monde qu'après la crise engendrée depuis deux ans par la nécessaire évolution de l'histoire, le Togo, mon Pays, retrouve son visage universellement connu de havre de paix et de sécurité. A nouveau, touristes et autres visiteurs étrangers retrouvent le calme et la sécurité des villes et goûtent au cours de leurs randonnées à la beauté des sites togolais.
Ce qui est encore plus réconfortant, c'est que désormais la population vaque librement à ses activités, et plus particulièrement à ses occupations agricoles. Nous sommes heureux de déclarer ici que la récolte des céréales de cette année a atteint le score des meilleures années.
Au plan des principes, des réflexions ont été conduites pour définir les nouvelles orientations et préciser les objectifs et modes d'intervention de chaque acteur.
Le Togo, préoccupé par la sécurité alimentaire durable, s'est lancé dans des réformes socio-économiques à partir d'un diagnostic profond du secteur rural sous-tendu par les principes retenus pour la politique agricole qui sont la diversification et la libéralisation de l'économie.
Les nouvelles orientations portent essentiellement sur:
- un recentrage des actions de développement rural sur le paysan,
- une promotion de la libéralisation du secteur agricole.
Il est évident que sans ressources financières et humaines appropriées, sans moyens institutionnels, et surtout sans volonté politique, il n'y aura point de salut et point d'avenir pour nos pays.
Cependant, de nouvelles raisons d'espérer existent. Elles nous viennent des grands enjeux de portée internationale exprimés par la Conférence internationale sur la nutrition tenue ici même à Rome, et la Conférence sur l'environnement à Rio de Janeiro. C'est pourquoi nous nous félicitons de l'importance que la FAO accorde au suivi des recommandations de ces assises.
Supprimer la faim et la malnutrition est à la portée de l'humanité aussi longtemps que des principes cohérents et des initiatives concertées aux niveaux national et international, soutenus par la volonté politique manifeste, seront appliqués. A ce sujet, le choix du thème de la Journée mondiale de l'alimentation 1993 à savoir: "Valorisons la diversité de la nature" est bien à propos.
Il est à remarquer que la lenteur des progrès enregistrés est en partie inhérente à la complexité même du secteur agricole.
Pour terminer, mon pays rend hommage à l'entrée des nouveaux membres dont l'admission au sein de notre Assemblée démontre encore l'intérêt accru manifesté à l'endroit des causes que soutient la FAO.
Je me sens l'agréable devoir d'exprimer notre reconnaissance et notre admiration au Dr Edouard Saouma qui a su, durant ses trois mandats, c'est-
à-dire durant 18 ans, mettre au service de notre Organisation son courage, ses énergies et ses talents pour remplir les nobles missions assignées à la FAO et pour apporter des réponses aux préoccupations toujours grandissantes.
Je voudrais également adresser nos félicitations au nouveau Directeur général pour sa brillante élection et lui souhaiter plein succès dans ses nouvelles fonctions. Le Peuple et le Gouvernement togolais assurent M. Jacques Diouf de tous leurs appuis fraternels.
Excellences, Mesdames et Messieurs, je me dois de vous remercier de votre aimable attention.
Mrs Elena ASKERSTAM (Estonia): Mr Chairman, Mr Director-General, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen. I hereby have the honour to turn to the 27th Session of the FAO Conference on behalf of the Government of the Republic of Estonia. First, I would like to congratulate you, Mr Chairman on your election. Also it is an honour to greet the new members of FAO. I am most pleased to forward the congratulations of my Government to the new Director-General of FAO, His Excellency Mr Jacques Diouf, and to wish him every success in leading the Organization.
I should especially like to express my Government's gratitude to the present Director-General for his support of my country and to wish him very well in the future.
Although the time has been short, the Republic of Estonia and FAO have established close contacts, and we are convinced that our cooperation will increase in the coming years. Mr Chairman, Estonia became a member of FAO two years ago. During these two years we have started several technical assistance cooperation programmes. The first of these concerns a food quality control programme which is of the utmost importance for Estonia as we are changing our existing system for food control. The second programme was focused on the land registration and information system which is common for all three Baltic states, and this came just in time for the land reforms taking place in our three countries. We would like to stress that we rely on further technical cooperation in agricultural policies as well as the planning of our agricultural production, extension services, price policies, the export and import of our commodities, rural development, and the collection and processing of agro-information. We are convinced that Estonia needs FAO consultation and experience only during a transition period, the period of restructuring our agriculture which faces the need to replace a centrally planned system with a privately owned one. This period will, hopefully, not last very long. We count approximately three to five years. After that we hope that we can share our experience with other FAO member countries in developing their agriculture. Mr Chairman, we consider the idea of establishing a new FAO regional centre in the region for East and Central Europe as a necessary institution for promoting and coordinating development of agriculture in the region. Certainly, we do not want our programmes to reduce the aid allocated to developing countries. Here extra funds must be found for the East and Central European programmes.
Our potential in agriculture, forestry and fisheries is great, and we would very soon repay FAO for its efforts on behalf of our region.
Mr Chairman, our government has every goodwill to make its contribution to the FAO budget. We are able to make this contribution now provided the fee requested from us reflects the actual state of our economy.
Estonia is just now going through quite a difficult situation. Agricultural production has decreased and there are practically no subsidies for production, which is unprecedented in our climatic conditions. The last of our eastern market, the difficulties faced by our industry that influences our agriculture, and so forth. We do, however, foresee stability in agriculture in the coming year in terms of our production, prices and market conditions.
Finally, I would like to express my conviction that FAO will have success in carrying out its ideas and objectives in our small and interconnected world. It will most certainly create prospective of improved quality of life for all of us.
CHAIRMAN: We thank the delegate from Estonia for her brief but informative address. It was good to hear from the delegate of a country which has so recently been admitted to membership of FAO.
Ya'acov TSUR (Israel): Mr Chairman, distinguished Ministers, delegates, ladies and gentlemen, it is a special privilege for me to speak to you this day as the representative of the State of Israel and as its Minister of Agriculture.
First of all I would like to congratulate the newly elected Director-General, Mr Jacques Diouf, and wish him all success in this very important moment of the Organization. I would also like to extend to Dr Saouma best wishes for his future activities.
Israel and the Middle East are now on the threshold of a new era, a period in which hope, mutual trust and cooperation between Israel and the Arab nations will replace hostility, war and suffering.
The agreement signed between Israel and the PLO is an expression of our profound longing to live together in understanding and cooperation. It is an expression of the courage of the leaders who dared to break the cycle of war, and we hope it will be followed by many others.
The peace agreement with Egypt was the first historic breakthrough which paved the way for these new days. We believe that it will take much less time for us to reach agreements of peace, security and cooperation with Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
The supreme test of these agreements will be how and whether the leaders and the peoples would translate these arrangements into cooperation among the people of the area, and the building of a new Middle East. Middle East with hope and prosperity for the people.
I have no doubt that agriculture is one of the central topics on which the farmers and scientists of Israel and its Arab neighbours can cooperate. Israel will be able to share its agricultural experience and achievements with the surrounding nations.
The FAO could play an important role in the economic development of the region through technical assistance in various fields, among them water management, the control of animal diseases such as foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, and others.
We have already created in this area a successful model of cooperation between the farmers of Israel and those of Egypt. Joint research by scientists from both countries, model farms operating in Egypt, courses for the advancement of agriculture are all examples of what can be achieved in the entire region with a spirit of cooperation and peace.
From this podium I would like to express my appreciation and admiration to the Egyptian Minister of Agriculture, Professor Wali, on his initiative, faith and determination in constructing this model of cooperation.
Israel's agriculture has attained remarkable professional and scientific achievements. We have done this primarily as the result of the human efforts invested by Israel's farmers to cope with the challenge of establishing an advanced agriculture in a region noted for its shortage of water and desert conditions.
Despite the difficulties, within a single generation - from 1950 to 1975 -we succeeded in increasing agricultural production by a factor of 12, at an unprecedented growth rate of 10 percent per year. In the last decade, technological and scientific development in Israel has been responsible for 95 percent of the growth in agricultural productivity, whereas the natural production factors - land and water - contributed only 5 percent.
I dare say that Israel's agriculture has become, to a great degree, a sort of universal socio-economic laboratory, proving that even poorly endowed regions can be developed through sophisticated agriculture, determination and good planning. This includes advanced scientific techniques, development of new varieties of vegetables and fruits, seeds of high genetic quality, genetic engineering of livestock, and environmentally controlled greenhouses.
Farmers constitute 4 percent of Israel's labour force, and supply most of its agricultural produce, except for grain, oil, sugar, and beef. In addition, we export more than a billion dollars worth of fresh and processed agricultural produce at a value. We are also developing the export of agricultural inputs and know-how.
I should note here that all of Israel's agriculture extends over an area of no more than 400 000 hectares, comprising less than 3 percent of the agricultural land in the entire Middle East.
We are aware of the fact that the erosion of crop genetic diversity poses a serious threat to food supplies in the world. Feeding the increasing world population will require vast efforts towards diversification of agriculture, selection of nutrition crops and livestock varieties using farming techniques which will contribute also to environmental regeneration. Biotechnology assists the conservation of plant and animal genetic resources and improves the quality and the productivity of agriculture.
In the new era of peace in our region we are prepared to be one of the key partners in the joint effort to develop agriculture in the region in the Middle East and to maximize the food supply from domestic sources. For this
purpose we will be able to exchange agricultural inputs and know-how for the benfit of all countries in the fields of irrigation, high-quality seeds, artificial insemination, machinery and extension. We also seek the opportunity to cooperate in developing agricultural trade in the region.
We have no doubt that development will gradually lead to the formation of a Middle East Economic Community along the lines of the European model. Such a move will make a decisive contribution to the progress of the region and to the welfare of its inhabitants.
History and politicians have set borders, and wars have transformed those borders into walls. But now peace has revealed God's gift to us of a wealth of shared natural resources. We must turn these into challenges of peace. The Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and the Gulf of Aqaba are assets shared by the states of Israel and Jordan, and their exploitation can now become a common goal shared by Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinians.
The shortage of water will become increasingly severe in Israel, Jordan, Gaza, Judea and Samaria territories. The increasing population, rising standards of living, and pollution of water sources will make this problem more acute. Only cooperation among the nations in the area can lead to a solution of this problem by increasing the efficiency of agriculture and urban use of existing water, as well as by development of new water sources.
Desalinization, recycling of waste water, reduction of water pollution, increasing rainfall and utilization of flood water can add to present water supplies.
Cooperation among the Middle East peoples on the subject of water is critical and must be reflected in joint desalinization projects and the transport of water from regions with ample supplies to arid regions. The proposed canal to be dug between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea along the Jordan-Israel border, or between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea, are two examples of such projects which would, of course, require international assistance.
The story of Israel's agriculture and its success also reveals difficulties and problems unique to Israel's farmers. The dramatic increase in productivity has caused a steady decrease in the number of farmers in Israel and has reduced their income.
This process has had an adverse effect on the viability of the village in Israel, as well as that of its cooperative forms, the moshav and the kibbutz, which constitute a model for society. We desire to strengthen and reinforce that model, as it fulfils important national and pioneering objectives. For this reason, we at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas are now working on developing non-agricultural fields of employment in rural areas, including rural tourism, industry, and individual businesses.
We are also assisting farmers and giving them incentives to switch to specialized farms producing export-quality produce. The question of directing produce to export will become even more significant with the partial or complete integration of Israel's agriculture with that of the areas included in Palestinian autonomy.
This process emphasizes the question of Israel's relations with the European Economic Community. It is imperative to know that 90 percent of Israel's agricultural exports are sent traditionally to EC countries, including flowers, citrus, vegetables, fruit, and other fresh and processed food products. Most Israeli agricultural produce complements European produce in seasons and varieties. In the course of the years, we have reached agreements on exporting agricultural products to EC countries and today more than ever before, we need to update those accords.
Mr Chairman, with organizations such as FAO we intensify international cooperation. Training in Israel and by Israeli experts abroad continues to be at the centre of Israel's programme for international development cooperation. Since the late fifties more than 10 000 Israeli advisers have been sent abroad to give on-the-spot courses in over 50 countries. More than 55 000 men and women from 112 countries have participated in various courses and workshops in Israel.
I would like to report to you that the State of Israel in recent years has also developed relations of agricultural cooperation and assistance with members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as with countries in Eastern Asia, China and India. We look forward to enlarging these connections with great interest and are prepared to take an important part in projects administered by FAO, World Bank, the Bank of Europe, and other international institutions.
The Middle East, which was the historic birthplace of the Jewish people and the Arab people, has turned toward peace and cooperation. A future of hope will replace the wars of today. The Prophet Isaiah, who foresaw the day of peace, said: "And they shall beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning-hooks. Nation shall not lift up sword against nation. Neither shall they learn war any more," which means the time has arrived that the farmer will replace the soldier.
Let us all lift up our voices in a prayer for peace and partnership that will lead us to a better world.
Reino URONEN (Finland): Mr Chairman, Mr Director-General, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen, first of all I would like to congratulate you, Mr Chairman, on your election as Chairman of this 27th Session of the FAO Conference.
On behalf of the Government of Finland, I have the pleasure to extend our warmest congratulations to Mr Jacques Diouf on his election as the new Director-General of FAO. We look forward to good cooperation with him in the coming years. I also want to thank Mr Saouma for his remarkable contribution to the Organization during his 18 years in office. I want to join the previous speakers in welcoming the new members of the Organization.
The changes that have transformed our political and economic surroundings highlight the expectations attached to FAO as one of the most relevant instruments for sustainable development within the UN family. The demand for FAO's services has increased both in the less developed countries as well as in the countries with economies in transition.
The future of mankind today depends more closely than ever on a rational use of the basic natural resources - soil, water and genetic diversity of
plant and animal species. The services of FAO in the fields of agriculture, forestry and fisheries - both in the normative as well as in the advisory work - are of vital importance to its Member States.
The strengthening of FAO as a centre of excellence in its own domain is the main focus of our work. We trust that Mr Diouf as the new Director-General will vigorously carry on the reform of FAO in close cooperation with its Member States.
Reforms are much needed in the whole UN system in order to make its different parts work in greater harmony and without waste of resources. It is an enormous challenge to the UN and its Specialized Agencies to prove their ability to undergo the needed reform. Without a more efficient and transparent governance the role of the UN in the economic and social sector might become questionable. For this reason we attach importance to the reform in FAO in parallel with the necessary developments in the UN system in general. The review process of FAO that started a few years ago has now to be revitalized in order to further enhance the efficiency and transparency of the Organization and to streamline its decision-making process. At the same time we must not lose sight of the improvements that have to be carried out at the field level. They should result in better coordination of the UN system inputs into the national development plans of the recipient countries.
This is the first FAO Conference after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Our task is to ensure that the chapters of the Agenda 21 related to FAO's mandate are meaningfully interpreted and reflected in the activities of the Organization. My delegation would like to stress the need to define in more concrete terms how the cooperation and the coordination with other partners working in the same and adjacent sectors will be arranged. One of the key sectors is forestry in which the international division of responsibilities will be considered by the Committee on Sustainable Development only in 1995. FAO and its subsidiary bodies should start their preparations for this meeting without delay. Concerning biodiversity the conservation and sustainable use of plant and animal genetic resources is an extremely important field in the UNCED follow-up. In this area FAO's work is developing successfully.
Yet another priority in FAO's future work is the follow-up of the International Conference on Nutrition. FAO's own conceptual approach to food security has expanded over the years from production figures to economic and social indicators as well as to consideration of household food security. The ICN further increased our understanding on the interlinkages between food security, nutrition and human health.
In the context of food security and nutrition I would like to highlight the importance of the forthcoming UN Conference on Population and Development to be held in Cairo in 1994. Nutrition and population problems have the same underlying causes of poverty. Rural development, poverty alleviation and relevant population policies are instrumental in ensuring adequate nutrition for all. Priority must be given to vulnerable groups in both population and nutrition policies. Focus on people's participation, human resources development and women is particularly important in the context of the major thematic UN conferences.
One of the tasks for FAO is to strengthen its role in the countries in transition. Although valuable experience has already been gained, FAO must be further prepared to assist with relevant inputs its old and new members
undergoing economic transition. In this context my Government wants to see FAO in an advisory role rather than as a technical partner. Tasks such as compilation and exchange of information as well as training would be well suited for FAO.
As to the proposed Programme of Work and Budget of FAO for 1994-95, we are not convinced that a thorough assessment of the utilization of existing resources through priority setting has been undertaken. In our view, a clear priority setting is a necessity in a situation where resources in the regular budget are limited. The priorities then have to be fully incorporated into the Programme of Work. We feel that one of the most urgent tasks for the new Director-General is to undertake an assessment of the issues that are most relevant for FAO's Programme of Work in the future. A special concern for Finland in the proposed Programme of Work and Budget is the relative share of resources allocated to the forestry sector. Although the downturn now has been stopped, my government finds it difficult to understand and accept the proposed level of only 4.6 percent of the budget for forestry. Forestry is undeniably an expanding priority sector for FAO, not least as a part of the UNCED follow-up.
As to FAO's resources, we regret to note that a major source of uncertainty is the late or non-payment of the assessed contributions. The present situation severely undermines the capacity of FAO to fulfil its tasks. In the administration and financial management of the Organization, I want to stress the principle of efficiency and cost-saving measures.
My delegation is pleased to note the seriousness with which FAO has approached the question of the oversight function of the membership concerning both Regular and Field Programme activities. The practice of producing an overall review, presented in the Project Implementation Report and the Programme Evaluation Report facilitates a fruitful dialogue between all parties concerned. It is useful to continue this practice as a permanent element in an improved guidance and oversight function, especially with regard to the field programmes.
Summing up, Mr Chairman, the Finnish delegation wants to confirm its strong support to the work of the FAO and looks forward to good cooperation with the Organization and its new Director-General in the future.
Assad MUSTAFA (Syria) (Original language Arabic): Mr President, Mr Director-General, distinguished heads of the delegations, it is my pleasure to extend to you my heartfelt congratulations as well as to the two Vice-Presidents on your well-deserved election to the Presidency of this Conference, taking into account your vast experience which has been quite proven in the way this Conference has been run. My sincere congratulations are also addressed to Mr Jacques Diouf for the confidence placed in his person, his experience, and his belief and enthusiasm in facing the enormous problems faced by the rural population all over the world.
I would also like to express our deepest appreciation and thanks to Dr Edouard Saouma and his collaborators to alleviate the sufferings of the hungry and to improve the production conditions. While supporting the problem of work and budget, even calling upon members to support the budget we are confident that FAO will be able to tackle efficiently the tasks of the new phase.
Mr President, we are meeting at this international gathering while we are fully cognizant of the fact that malnutrition and deteriorating living conditions are inflicting on hundreds of millions of people at the same time when food surplus is being accumulated elsewhere.
We also know that in order to solve food problems in the developing countries and despite the efforts that are being deployed, additional assistance must be given by developed countries. This does not mean that we are underestimating the aid, assistance, and loans furnished by international institutions and governments but that we consider that these measures are not the right remedy, as they are just pain-killers. There is an urgent need to help the developing countries develop short and long-term programmes and to implement realistic and thoroughly elaborated policies so they are not left as a prey looking for quick investments whose results are mostly destructive and tragic.
The problems of the developing countries are manifest in problems such as, one, the huge population increase and subsequent needs accompanied by decline in income, inability to provide for food requirements, and spread of diseases; two, insufficient resources such as water shortage, the expansion of desertification, and exploitation of resources; three, accumulation of debts and interest and incapability of payment; four, low levels of investment and lack of know-how to utilize up-to-date technologies and incapability of developing research work to increase productivity, lower the costs, and improve the quality of products; five, migration and pressures on affluent societies which create an imbalance in the distribution of human resources in the field of investment and thus generate further crises; six, protectionism in the field of agricultural trade which is based on regional and subjective interests, seriously affecting the interests of peoples in the developing countries, and thus failing their development plans and lowering rates of economic growth.
As mentioned by the Director-General in his statement, the prices of imported commodities into the developing countries have been doubled to the extent that the purchasing power of their export earnings could not stand fast. This situation necessitate that FAO should find sound and applicable solutions and mobilize a world-wide support for such solutions so as to implement useful aid policies for people all over the world and thus achieve a reasonable degree of equilibrium.
The ecosystem of our planet is still subject to flagrant aggressions by man. The expanding deforestation, the effects of industrial growth, the use of technology, and the resulting wastes are but manifestations of such aggressions. These problems should be tackled in closer cooperation by all countries and in accordance with an unified strategy. Limited and subjective solutions can never provide full protection.
In spite of our limited resources, the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic is actively implementing a programme aiming at the protection of the environment and the increase of our agricultural production. This programme consists of the reclamation of saline lands and turning the marginal lands into productive ones and thus increasing the forest lands and their protection.
It is noteworthy to recall that in 1991 the Syrian Arab Republic attained the Certificate of Honour from FAO, recognizing with appreciation the efforts deployed by the Syrian Arab Republic in the development and protection of our forests. The Syrian Government is trying to get the
necessary funding and assistance to establish natural reserves in order to restore the natural equilibrium of these regions which cover 55 percent of the whole surface.
Rural development has also been receiving special priority in order to increase production and narrow the gap between rural and urban areas and encourage national and foreign investment in agriculture. New laws have been enacted. Special attention has been given to women in general and rural women in particular. Thus, training programmes have been organized for women so as to take an active part in production. Such policies have been quite successful. Better results might have been achieved had it not been for the waves of droughts which afflicted the country several times. Almost 80 percent of our agricultural lands depend mainly on rainfall, added to our natural water resources.
In addition to the above-mentioned circumstances, the Syrian Arab Republic is spending a big share of its production revenues in defence of its territories. We are sincerely endeavouring to achieve a just and real peace which would restore our lands and our full rights in accordance with international legitimacy and Security Council resolutions. And, in order to prove these endeavours, this legitimacy and those Security Council resolutions should be strictly abided by. Otherwise, it would be just a mere impediment to the efforts deployed for the achievement of peace.
Mr President, during the International Conference on Nutrition which was held in Rome last year, it became quite evident that large sectors of people on this planet are threatened with the risk of death and hunger, whereas other sectors are suffering from excessive nutrition and even over-eating and indigestion. In order to save those suffering from hunger and those suffering from indigestion, production should be justly and equally distributed.
CHAIRMAN: We thank you, Mr Distinguished Delegate of Syria. Before we invite the delegate of Cuba to the floor, I would just like to ask the Secretary-General to make an announcement.
LE SECRETAIRE GENERAL: Je voudrais signaler aux Honorables délégués qu'un certain nombre de délégations, 35 délégations, n'ont pas encore retiré leur carte d'invitation pour l'audience de Sa Sainteté le Pape Jean Paul II qui aura lieu demain matin. Ces délégations sont priées de se manifester auprès du bureau A-131 pour faire connaître leurs intentions de manière à permettre au Secrétariat d'établir la liste des participants.
Alejandro ROCA IGLESIAS (Cuba): Permítame en primer lugar, señor Presidente, expresarle la felicitación de nuestra Delegación por haber sido elegido para presidir este vigésimo séptimo período de sesiones de la Conferencia de la FAO. Como latinoamericanos y caribeños, nos sentimos orgullosos y satisfechos de que dirija usted ese período de sesiones.
Igualmente felicitamos al señor Jacques Diouf por su elección para dirigir esta importante Organización del sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Estamos seguros que, en correspondencia con los principios sostenidos por la FAO, dedicará sus mayores esfuerzos a garantizar los objetivos y prioridades de la Organización y a encontrar mejores soluciones para paliar la incierta situación alimentaria mundial. Como hijos del Tercer Mundo, confiamos en
que, bajo su dirección, los anhelos y aspiraciones de ese mundo no serán, una vez más, ignorados. En esta tarea, siempre podrá contar con el pleno respaldo de nuestro país.
Aprovecho también esta oportunidad para saludar, felicitar y agradecer al Dr. Edouard Saouma por su labor al frente de la Organización, cuyo mandato que termina se ha caracterizado por su consecuente posición en defensa de los intereses de los países más necesitados, para los que con justeza ha pedido, persistente y tenazmente, una política de tratamiento diferenciado y preferential por parte de los países más desarrollados. Saludamos también a los nuevos Estados que han ingresado en la Organización.
A pesar de los esfuerzos de esta Organización y de otras dentro del sistema de las Naciones Unidas y del empeño de muchos hombres de buena voluntad, la brecha entre los países desarrollados y los países subdesarrollados, que ha sido analizada tantas veces en esta Conferencia, lejos de estrecharse, se ensancha cada día más, y ese hecho nos lleva a reiterar que solamente una cooperación efectiva que reestructure radicalmente las actuales relaciones económicas internacionales haría posible el crecimiento y el desarrollo de los países en desarrollo.
Las iniciativas, resoluciones y planes de acción gestados y aprobados por consenso en esta Organización, próxima a cumplir cincuenta años, son incontables y, sin embargo, continuamos ignorados por los países más poderosos.
Ni siquiera podemos contar con planes y estrategias concretos en el plano internacional destinados a revertir el proceso de deterioro de las economías de los países en desarrollo, en particular de las regiones de Africa, Asia y América Latina y el Caribe.
La deuda externa y el pago de sus servicios, el intercambio desigual y el proteccionismo continúan siendo flagelos que golpean con más rudeza cada día a nuestros pueblos. En el comercio internacional, los países en desarrollo continuamos obteniendo migajas, mientras que los países desarrollados reciben la mejor tajada, siendo así que las negociaciones de la Ronda Uruguay, en el marco de negociaciones del GATT, continúan prácticamente estancadas. A su alrededor se mueven activamente intereses muy poderosos que pretenden monopolizar y manipular, con fines egoístas, el comercio de alimentos, que es como comerciar con la vida de los seres humanos.
Nuestro país ha expresado firmemente su convencimiento de la necesidad de alcanzar una verdadera integración económica en la región de América Latina y el Caribe, lo cual ha sido reiterado en los encuentros celebrados por los presidentes en las cumbres Iberoamericanas. En ese sentido, reiteramos que nuestro país, sin abandonar los principios fundamentales en los cuales hemos basado nuestra concepción del desarrollo económico y social, está realizando acciones concretas para adentrarse en un verdadero proceso de integración en el que todos los países participantes obtengamos beneficios para elevar los niveles de desarrollo y mejorar las condiciones de vida de nuestros pueblos.
Nuestro país ha emprendido negociaciones, en el plano económico, con aquellos países y entidades de cualquier latitud que de buena voluntad deseen unirse a nosotros para promover la producción y el comercio en el sector agrícola y en otros sectores, en términos de beneficio común y bajo el principio del respeto mutuo.
En tal sentido, nuestro Gobierno ha expresado, por medio de pronunciamientos y acciones, la voluntad de diversificar sus vínculos económicos y comerciales e insertarse en mayor medida con la economía mundial, cada vez más globalizada; ampliar el número de países con los cuales pudieran establecerse mecanismos de colaboración, comerciales, financieros y de inversión, así como encontrar nuevos campos de acción y surtidos de mercancías a exportar e importar.
Para nadie es desconocido que mi país está sometido a un férreo bloqueo económico -desde hace más de tres décadas, acentuándose en los últimos meses el carácter extraterritorial del mismo. Las presiones dirigidas a entidades económicas privadas y públicas de terceros países para impedir o afectar sus vínculos con Cuba se multiplican cada día.
Se nos priva de adquirir medicamentos básicos para mantener la salud y de adquirir alimentos para garantizar nuestra seguridad alimentaria, se coarta la adquisición de recursos para satisfacer nuestro bienestar material y social; se nos amenaza la paz y la vida cotidiana en un mundo unipolar, donde se utilizan cada vez más los alimentos como arma política.
Desde luego que la comunidad internacional no permanece ajena a esta realidad, como lo demuestra la reciente condena, por segundo año consecutivo, en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, contra el bloqueo a Cuba. En esta oportunidad, con un mayor apoyo y sólo cuatro votos en contra.
El Gobierno que nos tiene impuesto ese criminal bloqueo pretende rendir por hambre y enfermedades el ejemplo que no ha podido vencer por la fuerza. Además de las consecuencias de este bloqueo, nuestro país, que logró durante estos años un desarrollo razonable en la salud, la educación, en su infraestructura productiva, se ve afectado por los cambios que se han producido en los países de Europa del Este. Entre estos países y Cuba se dieron relaciones justas de intercambio que, a pesar de su actual deterioro, no dejamos de reconocerlas como las que deben existir, como práctica consecuente, entre los países de menos desarrollo y los países desarrollados.
No obstante las dificultades inimaginables por las que estamos atravesando, en nuestro país continuamos trabajando con una estrategia coherente de desarrollo rural integral, que permite, además de la producción de alimentos, proteger el medio ambiente, mediante el incremento sostenido de nuestras áreas de bosques, el adecuado manejo de las cuencas hidrográficas y de otros recursos naturales.
Las recientes transformaciones en nuestra agricultura, como parte del trabajo que se viene realizando para hacerla más eficiente, y con el propósito de aplicar fórmulas que incentiven y motiven a los hombres a entregar sus reservas productivas con el menor gasto posible de recursos, se complementa con el desarrollo de la necesaria infraestructura social, incluye la construcción de nuevas viviendas, consultorios del médico de la familia, escuelas, hospitales y otros servicios comunitarios que les permiten a nuestros hombres y mujeres del campo vivir en condiciones cada vez mejores, como reconocimiento de su verdadera dimensión humana en una sociedad de justicia social como la nuestra.
Referente al trabajo de la Organización, no podemos dejar de lamentar la reducción presupuestaria en varios programas técnicos y económicos que son de incuestionable valor para todos los países y en especial para los países
subdesarrollados. Nos referimos especialmente al Programa de Cooperación Técnica, el cual, lejos de recibir incrementos según lo dispuesto por esta misma Conferencia, en la práctica sufre en estos momentos de disminuciones que no posibilitarán mantener tan siquiera el alcance del bienio anterior.
Asimismo, también consideramos que programas como Montes y Pesca, entre otros, deberían poder contar con mayores recursos, y en tal sentido solicitamos que se tomen todas las medidas posibles, incluyendo la obtención de recursos extrapresupuestarios, a fin de que todos los programas -fundamentales que ha priorizado la Organización puedan ejecutarse, de acuerdo a las necesidades de los países beneficiarios.
A pesar de que hagamos estos señalamientos a la distribución del Presupuesto de la Organización, la Delegación de Cuba no puede dejar pasar por alto esta oportunidad para elogiar la encomiable labor de la FAO, especialmente en la ayuda a los países del Tercer Mundo, para mejorar su situación alimentaria y nutricional, teniendo como punto de partida a la solución de los problemas más acuciantes que enfrenta la humanidad y que han sido puestos a la luz por importantes cónclaves celebrados recientemente.
El cumplimiento del Programa 21, aprobado por la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, ocupa un lugar destacado dentro de las labores que la FAO enfrentará en el próximo bienio. Para Cuba, que en sus recientes modificaciones constitucionales incluyó el cumplimiento del Programa de Acción de esta Conferencia, es una muestra de cómo la Organización aprovecha de la mejor manera sus posibilidades y potencialidades.
También nos congratula la dedicación de la FAO para dar seguimiento al Plan de Acción de la Conferencia Internacional sobre Nutrición, teniendo presente que el derecho a un nivel de vida adecuado, incluida la alimentación, nos compromete a todos a actuar con rapidez y solidaridad.
No quisiéramos terminar nuestra intervención sin destacar la importante labor que desempeña el Programa Mundial de Alimentos. Vemos complacidos cómo el PMA se ha convertido en uno de los mayores organismos de desarrollo y socorro en el mundo, siendo en estos momentos la fuente más importante de asistencia, a título de donación.
Quisiéramos además dejar constancia de nuestro reconocimiento al eficiente y dinámico trabajo del personal de la Secretaría del PMA, en la Sede y en el campo, y a su Directora Ejecutiva, Sra. Catherine Bertini, quien, además, está dando una mayor participación a las mujeres en las actividades del Programa.
Tenemos ante nosotros la extraordinaria posibilidad de ayudar al mejoramiento humano; en especial, de la lucha común contra la pobreza, de la lucha por el bienestar de todos y en especial de los más desposeídos, sin claudicaciones ni sometimientos a aquellas ideas que atenten contra los verdaderos intereses de los desposeídos de la tierra.
El éxito de esta Conferencia se medirá por las acciones que de ella resulten. Representamos a una gran parte de la humanidad, y ese deber moral, esa obligación política, esa responsabilidad excepcional e histórica, reclama decisiones, reclama medidas concretas y un compromiso que no es posible postergar.
Samir IMALHAYENE (Algérie): Monsieur le Président, permettez-moi tout d'abord de vous féliciter pour votre élection à la présidence de cette session ainsi que les membres du Bureau. Ma délégation est convaincue que sous votre conduite éclairée nos travaux seront couronnés de succès.
Je tiens également à adresser à M. Jacques DIOUF les vives et chaleureuses félicitations de mon pays qui se réjouit que la direction générale de notre Organisation revienne à un digne fils de l'Afrique et l'assure de son soutien actif dans l'accomplissement de cette lourde mais exaltante tâche.
Mon pays se joint à tous ceux qui ont rendu hommage à M. Edouard SAOUMA qui a su diriger avec doigté et persévérance cette Organisation pendant ces 18 dernières années.
Nous entamons les travaux de cette 27ème session à un moment où le monde traverse une transition historique marquée par de profonds bouleversements politiques et économiques. La fin de la guerre froide et l'avènement de rapports internationaux nouveaux ont conduit à des résultats significatifs en matière de désarmement et de règlement de certains conflits régionaux et out laissé espérer la libération de ressources supplémentaires au profit du développement.
Pourtant, Monsieur le Président, si le monde a changé, pour beaucoup de pays en voie de développement les réalités demeurent amères. Les nouvelles perspectives que devait leur ouvrir le nouvel ordre en formation tardent à venir. De même, la persistance d'un environnement économique des plus défavorables, l'aggravation de l'endettement extérieur et l'inadaptation de la coopération internationale conjugués à une croissance démographique non jugulée, ont réduit à néant les efforts méritoires consentis par ces pays, souvent au prix de sacrifices sociaux et politiques importants, en vue de procéder aux transformations structurelles que leur imposent l'évolution de l’économie mondiale et les exigences de leur propre développement.
Cette conjoncture a contribué à accélérer la dégradation de la situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle et la paupérisation de pans entiers des populations, particulièrement en Afrique qui connaît de véritables drames devant lesquels nous ne pouvons rester indifférents.
Dans le même temps et paradoxalement, la croissance des stocks se poursuit à un rythme effreiné dans les pays développés. C'est là assurément une illustration criante des déséquilibres de l'économie mondiale qui requiert une action urgente et solidaire de la part de la communauté internationale.
Participant d'une telle démarche, le Sommet de Rio de Janeiro et la Conférence internationale sur la nutrition ont rappelé que le développement agricole avec ses multiple facettes, notamment la sécurité alimentaire, la nutrition et la conservation des ressources naturelles, ne saurait se concevoir sans la promotion d'un développement durable et d'une croissance soutenue dans les pays en voie de développement.
Ces deux événements traduisent non seulement la prise de conscience de l'interdépendance des nations mais aussi la validité de l'approche multilatérale et la nécessité d'adopter des démarches intégrées qui tiennent compte de toutes les dimensions des problèmes auxquels l'humanité est confrontée.
Aussi est-il impérieux de replacer l'objectif du développement au premier rang de nos priorités. Cela est d'autant plus urgent que les
bouleversements issus de la fin de la guerre froide continuent de mobiliser l'essentiel des énergies et des ressources de la communauté internationale au détriment des pays en développement.
Dans ce contexte, il est important de réfléchir aux implications des récents bouleversements, non seulement pour les pays en voie de développement, mais aussi pour le système des Nations Unies dans son ensemble.
A cet égard, la FAO se devrait d'intégrer sa réflexion, son action, ses programmes de même que ses activités opérationnelles de développement dans ce cadre.
Au moment même où le monde s'engage dans une entreprise de rénovation globable, l'Algérie s'est engagée dans un processus de réforme économique jetant les fondements de l'Etat de droit tout en consolidant le processus démocratique.
C'est le lieu et l'occasion ici, pour mon pays, de réaffirmer son engagement à continuer à oeuvrer dans cette voie en dépit d'une conjoncture particulièrement défavorable. L'Algérie, qui fait face actuellement à une véritable entreprise de déstabilisation de ses institutions du fait du terrorisme, s'emploie de manière vigoureuse à lutter contre ce fléau qui a fait d'innombrables victimes.
Notre espoir est que la Communauté internationale dans son ensemble soutienne nos efforts en vue d'assurer les conditions de stabilité politique et de relance économique, nécessaires à la concrétisation des réformes structurelles exigées par les impératifs du développement et la satisfaction des besoins vitaux de la population.
C'est dans ce contexte difficile, et dans un environnement économique international adverse, que se situent les réformes engagées dans le secteur agricole. Ce dernier est caractérisé par une vulnérabilité sur le plan de la sécurité alimentaire se traduisant par une insoutenable facture alimentaire de l'ordre d'un tiers du montant de nos importations totales, mais aussi par une dégradation des ressources, du milieu et des écosystèmes agricoles.
Conscient de son importance dans les équilibres économiques du pays et des potentialités non négligeables qu'il recèle, le Gouvernement algérien a pris des mesures visant à réunir les conditions essentielles à la relance de ce secteur, fondées sur la liberté d'initiative des producteurs.
Au nombre de ces mesures, nous mentionnerons particulièrement:
1) La redéfinition des politiques foncières, axée sur la privatisation des terres qui vise à sécuriser les agriculteurs et les encourager à augmenter leur production.
2) L'organisation de la profession agricole pour lui permettre de jouer pleinement le rôle de véritable partenaire dans la prise de décisions à même de dynamiser le secteur.
3) La régulation économique par une organisation des structures et de l'environnement agricoles plus aptes à valoriser le travail productif et une correction des distorsions du système productif agricole.
En outre, l'Algérie a entrepris un vaste programme d'intensification de la production des terres marginales, la réhabilitation et l'extension de nouveaux périmètres dans le nord du pays ainsi qu'un programme de mise en valeur d'importantes superficies dans le sud.
Toutefois, malgré tous ces efforts, l'aléa climatique compromet souvent l'augmentation de la production agricole.
Ainsi les effets de la sécheresse, qui a sévi cette année sur une grande partie du territoire national, n'ont été limités que grâce à la mobilisation d'importants moyens de lutte contre cette calamité naturelle.
A ceci s'ajoute la menace d'une nouvelle invasion acridienne qui s'annonce des plus redoutables.
Face à la recrudescence de ce fléau, la mobilisation de notre Organisation a été remarquable et je tiens à saisir cette occasion pour lui exprimer tout notre espoir de voir cet élan de solidarité se poursuivre et se renforcer dans le proche avenir.
Dans le cadre d'une démarche concertée et globale de lutte contre le péril acridien, mon pays a organisé à Alger, le 27 septembre 1993, une réunion des ministres des pays du Maghreb et du Sahel chargés de la lutte antiacridienne.
J'ai reçu mandat des chefs de délégations de vous informer de l'ensemble des conclusions auxquelles nous sommes parvenus et tout particulièrement:
- la constatation que la lutte préventive contre le criquet pèlerin constitue la seule voie à même de maîtriser la recrudescence de ce fléau, d'où la nécessité de mettre en place une coopération organisée et pérenne entre les pays menacés de la région;
- la certitude que l'ampleur de la dégradation enregistrée dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Afrique exige des moyens considérables qui dépassent les possibilités de l'ensemble des pays concernés.
S'agissant de prévention acridienne, ma délégation insiste sur l'intérêt d'une action directe sur les zones de nidification de la mer Rouge, telles qu'elles ont d'ailleurs été identifiées à plusieurs reprises par votre Organisation.
Elle aura l'avantage de circonscrire le phénomène à la source et de réaliser une économie en coûts au profit des pays du Sahel et du Maghreb dans leur mobilisation contre les invasions acridiennes.
Il sied de souligner, à la faveur de cette Conférence, l'importance que nous accordons à la mise en oeuvre du projet interrégional de lutte préventive initié en 1988, ainsi que de celui relatif à la couverture météorologique des vastes zones sahéliennes encore dépourvues de stations météorologiques.
Enfin, qu'il me soit permis de mettre l'accent sur le rôle primordial que joue l'information dans toute stratégie de prévention et de lutte, ainsi que la formation des personnels techniques impliqués dans ces opérations.
Au cours de la présente session, la Conférence aura à adopter le projet de programme du travail et de budget pour le prochain biennium.
S'agissant des grandes orientations de ce programme, nous ne pouvons que noter avec satisfaction l'importance accordée au suivi de la CNUED de son agenda 21 et de la Conférence internationale sur la nutrition. L'agenda 21 exige de nous non seulement une mise en oeuvre rapide mais également un engagement ferme et concret de la part des pays développés. Son application constituera, à notre sens, un tournant important dans l'histoire de l'humanité et un jalon déterminant dans l'agencement du nouvel ordre économique mondial.
Mon pays, qui subit une dégradation des ressources naturelles, en est bien conscient, et les efforts qu'il mène au plan national ne lui permettent pas de venir à bout de l'érosion, des déboisements et des défrichements. Aussi un soutien est-il vivement souhaité des différents réseaux qui luttent activement contre la désertification et pour la remise en état des écosystèmes dont la fragilité est bien connue dans la région méditerranéenne.
Le plan d'action adopté par la Conférence internationale sur la nutrition constitue un acquis important dans le combat contre la faim et la malnutrition. Dans un monde de progrès et d'abondance, sa mise en oeuvre nous interpelle particulièrement et nous commande une action urgente et vigoureuse.
En revanche, compte tenu de ses faibles ressources, notre Organisation est dans l'obligation de limiter ses moyens et son champ d'action.
Il importe de relever à ce propos que si l'action de l'Organisation répond ainsi à l'exigence de rationalisation et aux priorités de l'heure, cela ne devrait pas se faire aux dépens des tâches essentielles qui lui sont confiées telles que les activités d'appui sur le terrain, la promotion de l'investissement et la coopération technique. C'est pourquoi nous estimons que si le processus de rationalisation est inéluctable, il ne faudrait perdre de vue la nécessité de disposer de mécanismes tels que les programmes de coopération technique auxquels nous reconnaissons une gestion tant souple permettant un financement continu du développement. Aussi mon pays insiste sur la nécessité d'accroître le niveau de ces programmes pour atteindre l'objectif fixé par la Résolution 9/89 de la Conférence.
Il est vrai que l'humanité traverse une période difficile mais nous mettons notre espoir en l'avènement d'un monde meilleur, de justice et de paix.
Notre Organisation peut apporter sa contribution à la réalisation de ce noble objectif pour peu qu'elle adapte ses modes de gestion et de fonctionnement aux besoins d'une communauté internationale qui aspire à un mieux-être.
A la veille de la célébration du cinquantième anniversaire de sa création, la FAO doit rester mobilisée pour faire face aux nombreux défis et pour s'engager résolument vers l'objectif salutaire d'édification d'un monde nouveau où chacun jouira d'un niveau de vie digne et décent.
Pour réaliser cet espoir, elle a besoin de la confiance et de l'appui de tous.
CHAIRMAN: We thank very much the distinguished delegate of Algeria for his statement. I now invite the distinguished delegate of Zambia to take the
floor, and whilst he takes the floor I ask you to note that Ambassador Laureau, Vice-chairman of this Conference, will now take the Chair.
Jacques Laureau, Vice-Chairman of the Conference, took the Chair
Jacques Laureau, Vice-Président de la Conférence, assume la présidence
Ocupa la presidencia Jacques Laureau, Vicepresidente de la Conferencia
N. MUKUTU (Zambia): It gives me great pleasure to congratulate you, Mr Chairman, most cordially on your election to preside over this important Conference, and to assure you of our full support as you discharge the important functions of your office. Mr Chairman, may I take this opportunity to pay Zambia's gratitude to the outgoing Director-General, Dr Edouard Saouma, who has dedicated much of his life to the service of providing food for mankind. He has been a man for the poor, and he has helped to transform the FAO into a source of hope for the survival of millions of people who always live under constant threat of hunger, starvation, degradation and even death.
I take this opportunity to welcome the new Director-General, Dr Jacques Diouf, and to congratulate him for being elected to this challenging task. I wish to assure him of my personal support and that of my Government and the people of Zambia. He is taking over at a time of rising expectations and yet also at the time of dwindling resources in the Organization. As you are aware, because of the prevailing economic difficulties in many member countries, FAO has not always received sufficient contributions with which to fulfil these increasing expectations. The first challenge he will face therefore, is to make do with the little resources available in the Organization. Obviously, that will entail good organization and efficient use of such resources.
This then brings me to the question: what kind of organization do we expect FAO to be? We do not wish to change the mandate of the Organization because it was already declared to be valid and sound by the FAO Review Mission of 1989. Rather, we would like to see more devolution of powers to regional and country offices in order to strengthen these offices so that they can deal with increasing challenges at local level. This is particularly important in getting FAO to assist Member Governments to respond rapidly to unforeseen circumstances such as insect pest attacks.
At the local level, we would like to see more capacity building and more expenditure of resources on innovations for enabling higher food production with much reduced inputs, reduced food losses with better nutrition, improved environment with better conservation and management of natural resources.
The role of FAO should be to act as a catalyst to provide technical expertise where it is lacking and to facilitate increased national execution of projects and programmes.
The Twenty-seventh Session of our Conference is taking place at a time of great economic and social-economic upheavals in many of our member countries. The on-going economic restructuring and the advent of political tranformation in many parts of the world have in the short term, brought about very many difficulties and indeed miseries. In some instances people's lives have been lost. As we meet here in Rome, the poor and starving populations all over the world have their eyes focused on us with
the hope that we can provide some of the solutions to their problems. This, to me, seems to be the major challenge of this Conference.
It is for this reason that I welcome the FAO global study entitled "Agriculture: Towards 2010", which is an update of the previous study issued in 1987. It is important that the study has chosen food security and nutrition together with sustainable agriculture and rural development as the underlying themes for discussion by the Conference.
We now live in a world where there is a delicate balance between the ever-increasing population and the increasingly diminishing natural resource base. This trend of development is going to be more worrying in developing countries, where the study predicts a population increase of 94 percent or 1.8 billion by the year 2010. It is unfortunate that sub-Saharan Africa, where chronic malnutrition is also predicted to prevail, is the region where we are going to maintain a higher rate of population increase of up to 3.2 percent.
If these predictions are anything to go by, we expect the gap between the rich and poor countries to grow even wider, and we are likely to see more instances of desertification and land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa, as the population will exert more pressure on land in search of increased means of survival. While the study presents us with a number of suggestions on how to address the issues of food security and nutrition on one hand, and sustainable agriculture and rural development on the other, the poor will be looking for practical approaches to end their poverty which is the major cause of all their problems.
In sub-Saharan Africa, the majority of people subsist on land, and governments usually have no alternative employment for them and they are therefore encouraged to engage in farming.
As this august house may be aware the Southern African Sub-Region was hit by a very serious drought in the period 1991/92 farming season which necessitated massive importation of food to assure food security. However, I am pleased to inform the Conference that Zambian farmers have demonstrated remarkable resilience during the 1992-93 season when they produced an all time record maize crop (over and above our requirements) in the aftermath of the unprecedented drought of the previous season of 1991/92. Record achievements were across the board in all other crops. It was not easy for our farmers to achieve this feat in 1993 as a good number of them - particularly in the southern half of the country which was the most hit by drought, suffered heavy crop losses and livestock diseases and losses. I must hasten to note, however, that this remarkable recovery was not an achievement of my Government alone. It was achieved with the assistance of donors - most of whom are gathered here.
At this juncture, I would like to record my Government's sincere thanks to all the donors who came to our aid and helped us to recover very quickly from the drought in 1992.
The agricultural sector is designed to be the mainstay of the Zambian economy with emphasis on promoting smallholder agriculture and strengthening existing services. Specific programmes are being developed to enhance the private sector's involvement in agricultural production, marketing, processing and export.
In this regard, the Conference may wish to know that my ministry has constituted a task force which is preparing an Agricultural Sector Investment Programme (ASIP). This task force comprises agricultural and other experts from government, private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) . The principal aim of ASIP is to efficiently pool and utilize resources for the development of the agricultural sector on a priority basis. It is also intended to coordinate donor assistance.
The Investment Programme will have several key areas for investment - among them will be: agricultural research and extension, animal production and health, fisheries, food security and crop marketing, irrigation development and farm power, and a new products development. Donors would be accordingly invited to fund these key areas.
My Government is also paying greater attention to environmental concerns within the framework of environmentally-sound sustainable development. The most pressing environmental concerns include: the declining quality of water in Zambia's streams and rivers, especially in urban areas with heavy concentrations of population; declining quality of urban life due to inadequate facilties for the efficient disposal of solid waste; potential dangers posed by inadequate facilities for the disposal of waste; decline in wildlife population as a result of heavy illegal hunting, and deforestation due to an ever-growing demand for fuel wood and inappropriate agricultural practices.
The agricultural sector through wrong farming practices continues to contribute to a very large degree in the destruction of the natural resource base. In my country some 200 000 hectares of vegetation cover are cleared every year for farming purposes. This rate of destruction, if not followed by proper farming practices, will destroy the environment irreversibly. In this regard, the sustainable utilization of our natural resources is paramount for our survival.
Let me take this opportunity to welcome our nine new members, some of whom are my neighbours. I am confident that the new members will discharge their responsibilities fully and will help in strengthenig the FAO. We look forward to working and collaborating with them.
It is necessary to find long-lasting solutions in the conservation of nature by involving people at the grass-roots level in the decision-making process. People at this level need to be made aware that the sustainable utilization of the natural resource base is to their long-term advantage.
I would like to conclude by observing that in the past FAO had a lot of difficulties in discharging its responsibilities. This arose mainly from the lack of funds because of inadequate funding by Member Nations. As we confront the new challenges in the coming biennium, especially in the face of the tremendous difficulties taking place in some Member Nations, an assured source of funds for implementation of the agreed programmes and projects will be vital. In this regard we fully support the Programme of Work and Budget for the next biennium. In the future Zambia looks forward to an increased FAO budget.
A well-funded FAO (country-based) will be able to rise to the challenge of the needs of the millions of the rural poor. This should also improve the speed with which FAO can respond to urgent requests such as invasion by migratory pests of locusts and armyworms.
The focus of FAO's attention must be on food security both at the household and regional level. This is achieved optimally if, in fact, in the course of increasing agricultural production sufficient gainful employment opportunities are created.
Milan BERANEK (Czech Republic): Mr Chairman, ladies and gentlemen, the Czech Republic was admitted as an FAO member only a few days ago. I would like to assure you that it wants to be an active member from the very beginning .
We are aware that the global problems have increased and that many of them represent a potential threat to the world's very existence. Their constructive solution is a task facing mankind, the government of individual countries and also various bodies and authorities of the united Nations.
The FAO should play a substantial leading role in this field and should attempt to solve one of the most important problems on the earth, the elimination of hunger, poverty, and under-nourishment. This is why FAO's activities should be granted our full support.
The Czech Republic, within the scope of its possibilities, declares its support of such activities in the spirit of its humanitarian and democratic values.
We appreciate that FAO has recently been paying more attention to the further development of agriculture in the European region where the complex process of transition of agrosectors to a market economy in the Central and Eastern European countries is taking place.
In the Czech Republic huge structural changes in agriculture and rural areas have taken place in the last three years. Agriculture, which was very strictly centrally directed before 1989, has been changing within the framework of the new economic system. The transfer to a market economy has put a lot of pressure on the adaptability of agriculture under the new economic conditions. Renewal of private property is the fundamental aspect of transformation. The property of cooperatives is being transferred to private legal and physical entities. The state farms have been privatized by means of long-time leases with the long-term prospect of sale to private hands.
Private farmers have been managing more that 400 000 hectares of arable land and about 40 000 private farmers and 1 663 entrepreneur entities are now registered. The main problem of Czech agriculture is the excess of supply over demand and the decline in the foodstuffs market in the Czech Republic. We believe, as far as the Czech Republic is concerned, that these problems are only temporary and are connected with the transfer to a market economy. It is and should be in the interest of FAO to find a rapid solution to these problems.
Our Republic appreciates the technical cooperation and international experience of FAO in drawing up agricultural policy, the transfer of know-how, and the development of regions and the solution of selected technical problems.
We, on our side, offer our unique experience gathered during the transfer of a centrally managed economy to a market one with special attention to
agriculture and its privatization. Many of our highly qualified experts are ready to contribute to FAO activities in its headquarters and field programmes in various parts of the world. Our agricultural research has been, in certain fields, top level and this could be of interest not only to FAO but to its Member States as well.
The professionalism of our experts has been demonstrated in the Forest and Timber Committee, in the Fishery Committee and the Committee for Plant Genetic Resources. We are ready and able to offer the training facilities of some of- our institutes for FAO training programmes, for instance, the Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture of the Agricultural university in Prague or our Academy of Sciences.
In this context it is necessary for FAO to be aware of its irreplaceable role, its historical opportunity and its duty to contribute and assist Central and Eastern European countries in their transfer to a market economy, especially in so sensitive a field as agriculture.
It is our understanding that a more active development of cooperation between FAO and Central and Eastern Europe should not be at the cost of sacrificing FAO's fundamental function, which is to focus on assistance to the developing countries.
The Czech Republic will pay continuous attention to the FAO activities included in the Programme of Work and Budget for 1994-95. No doubt its realization will be a very complex process and will require an immediate and adequate response to the rapid political, economic and social developments in the world. This can be ensured only by improving the efficiency of the FAO activities and by introducing necessary reforms. It is one of the main tasks that the newly elected Director-General should implement immediately.
We are aware of the limited financial resources of the Organization and its difficult financial situation. FAO management should undertake the necessary measures without affecting negatively its professional level. The reforms should be carried out as rapidly as possible, and effective spending of both external and internal financial resources should be sought.
Our membership in the Organization means that the Czech Republic has become one of the most important Central and Eastern European contributors to FAO’s budget. We stand for transparency in FAO's finances and for zero growth of the budget. This should enable a large number of the member countries to meet their commitments on time and in full.
The Czech Republic does not and will not only passively follow FAO activities. I repeat that we want to take an active part in the Organization's work. We have shown our commitment to this also by hosting, last year, the Regional Conference for Europe which took place in our capital, Prague.
In concluding, let me wish the 27th Session of the FAO Conference and the future of FAO every success.
Ioan OANCEA (Roumanie) (Langue originale roumaine) : Au nom du Gouvernement roumain, il me revient l'honneur de vous adresser, Monsieur le Président, mes félicitations cordiales pour votre nomination dans cette importante
fonction de présidence de l'actuelle Conférence de la FAO qui débat de la situation et des perspectives mondiales de l'agriculture et de l’alimentation.
Je voudrais également exprimer les félicitations de la délégation roumaine aux autres membres du Bureau de l'actuelle session de la Conférence.
Nous sommes convaincus que les travaux de la Conférence, sous votre direction et avec la contribution de toutes les délégations présentes, auront un grand succès. Nous vous assurons, Monsieur le Président, de tout notre soutien.
En même temps, permettez-moi de transmettre, au nom du Gouvernement roumain, mes sincères félicitations au nouveau Directeur général de la FAO, M. Jacques Diouf, qui a été élu par la Conférence. Je lui souhaite le meilleur succès dans la coordination des activités de l'Organisation.
Le Gouvernement roumain exprime sa profonde satisfaction pour l'admission des nouveaux Etats Membres de la FAO et nous sommes convaincus que leur participation dans les activités de l'Organisation renforcera la qualité de la contribution à la réalisation des programmes FAO.
Nous nous félicitons également de l'entrée de l'Afrique du Sud dans notre Organisation.
Le Directeur général, M. Edouard Saouma, a présenté des documents très clairs, très circonstanciés, avec un contenu, et qui revêtent une importance vitale pour la solution des principales tendances et des politiques dans le domaine de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture mondiales, et pour la mise en pratique de programmes d'action nationaux et internationaux ayant en vue d'accroître la production et la consommation agro-alimentaire tout en assurant la sécurité alimentaire mondiale.
La délégation roumaine a étudié avec beaucoup d'attention ces documents, qui montrent une tendance d'amélioration de la situation de l'agriculture mondiale et de la nutrition mondiale. Cependant, les décalages existant entre le développement et les conjonctures locales font que l'on souffre de plus en plus de famine et de malnutrition. Dans ce contexte, le Gouvernement roumain se prononce pour l’adoption de mesures concrètes et urgentes en vue de résoudre ce problème.
Les mesures de priorité à cet égard sont l'arrêt des confrontations militaires, la libération des fonds matériels qui sont absorbés pour l'instant par l'industrie de l'armement et une affectation plus importante de ressources pour la solution plus rapide des problèmes alimentaires dans les pays qui sont les plus pauvres et ceux qui se trouvent actuellement en phase de développement et d'autres pays nécessiteux.
En ce qui concerne la Roumanie, nous avons orienté notre politique générale de développement économique et agro-alimentaire tout particulièrement vers la réorganisation et la modernisation de l’agriculture et de l'industrie alimentaire. La Roumanie a obtenu une production agricole satisfaisante malgré des conditions climatiques défavorables et les autres difficultés spécifiques aux économies en transition.
M. le Président, dès l'année 1990, la Roumanie s'est engagée dans un long processus d'ouverture et de démocratisation de la vie politique, économique et sociale. Jusqu'à présent, la privatisation, le processus de la réforme
s'est confronté et est encore confronté à l'heure actuelle, à une série de difficultés engendrées par les déséquilibres du régime passé, par le fait que la Roumanie est un pays en transition, par l'interruption du commerce avec les pays anciennement membres du CAEM, par l'insuffisance et la discontinuité des ressources financières et par la conjoncture économique mondiale défavorable.
La première priorité dans le processus de réforme a été la mise en application d'un cadre juridique qui était absolument nécessaire pour le fonctionnement des instruments et des mécanismes de l'économie de marché.
Dans l'agriculture, par le processus de la réforme, on a rétabli la propriété privée sur la terre: plus de 70 pour cent des superficies agricoles et plus de 80 pour cent des superficies cultivées sont passées au secteur privé.
Les options stratégiques de la politique agricole du Gouvernement roumain ont en vue la mobilisation des ressources agricoles pour l'assurance de la sécurité alimentaire de la population du pays, la réalisation d'un équilibre national entre productions végétale et animale.
L'objectif prioritaire du nouveau programme de réforme économique du Gouvernement de la Roumanie est l'arrêt du déclin et la relance de la production agricole, la garantie de ressources alimentaires nécessaires pour la consommation intérieure dès l'année 1993. Ainsi, la Roumanie a produit cette année plus de 14 millions de tonnes de céréales, soit une augmentation de plus de 3 millions de tonnes par rapport à 1992.
Les productions animales ont elles aussi augmenté en 1993 par rapport à 1992. Nous avons maintenant 4 millions de porcs, 13,6 millions d'ovins, 93,8 millions de volailles.
M. le Président, notre pays détient une superficie agricole d'environ 15 millions d'hectares, dont 75 pour cent sont des terrains arables, et 3,2 millions d'hectares sont des terres irriguées.
A présent, en vertu de la loi du fonds foncier N° 18/1992, approuvée par le Parlement européen, 79 pour cent de la superficie agricole est privée et 21 pour cent appartiennent à l'Etat. Le milieu rural représente 40 pour cent de la population totale.
La zone de montagne est une zone dont le potentiel doit être croissant. Elle représente une superficie agricole de plus de 3 millions d'hectares (pâturages et forêts) et est habitée par 3,5 millions d'habitants sur 75 localités. Par l'intermédiaire de la FAO, l'expérience des pays qui possèdent une agriculture de montagne bien organisée serait très utile pour accroître la production agricole et tout particulièrement du secteur zootechnique de cette zone de Roumanie.
Nous sommes conscients que pour l'avenir nous devons faire beaucoup et nous nous sommes proposés de mettre en oeuvre et de moderniser des terrains, de renforcer la mécanisation et la collaboration entre productions végétale et animale et d'autres activités productives, et ceci suivant un processus graduel.
Pour la réalisation des buts mentionnés, chaque pays doit intensifier son propre effort. La coopération internationale dans le cadre bilatéral et
multilatéral, sur le plan régional, départemental et interrégional, doit aussi être accrue. La FAO peut jouer un rôle important dans ce domaine.
D'après nous, les pays développés ont un rôle très important à jouer pour soutenir les efforts réalisés par les pays en développement, par l'aide de programmes concrets de la FAO, dans le domaine de la modernisation de l'agriculture dans ces pays. Ces programmes peuvent contenir l'idée, par exemple, de garantir l'accès des pays en développement et la transmission de la technologie agro-indutrielle la plus moderne. Ceci assurera la présence de la production et de la productivité dans ces pays.
Nous apprécions l'initiative de la FAO qui a organisé des réseaux scientifiques internationaux auxquels participe la Roumanie, de manière active, et qui comprennent les principales cultures agricoles, celles qui sont les plus importantes pour l'alimentation humaine comme le blé, le mais, le tournesol, le soja et également quelques espèces d'élevage.
A notre avis, les programmes de la FAO pour 1992-93 et 1994-95 ainsi que le plan à moyen terme proposent des actions très importantes. Ces programmes pour la période 1992-93, 1994-95 et, comme je le disais, le plan à moyen terme 1994-99 proposent des actions importantes comme l'organisation des échanges d'expériences, des réunions spécialisées, des cours d'instruction pour les experts au cours desquels on identifie et on propose des solutions pratiques pour les pays en développement pour leur permettre de résoudre tous leurs problèmes. On considère que ces actions doivent continuer et s'étendre dans tout le secteur agro-alimentaire. Dans ce but, la Roumanie est prête à transmettre son expérience dans la production de blé, de mais, de tournesol ainsi que d'autres cultures. Elle a la possibilité de recevoir, d'accueillir ces réunions de soutien de la FAO avec la participation de spécialistes des pays en développement.
Une première proposition est d'organiser en Roumanie un cours international de management sous l'égide de la FAO, pendant 15 à 20 jours, intéressant le secteur privé de notre pays.
Nous apprécions les propositions présentées par le Directeur général concernant le programme de travail, ainsi que les programmes et les objectifs de le FAO pour les court et moyen termes pour répondre aux besoins des pays en développement et en transition vers l'économie de marché.
En même temps, nous considérons qu'il est nécessaire d'intensifier les activités prochaines de l'Organisation qui puissent conduire à l'accroissement de l'efficacité de la production agricole dans ces pays.
Nour apprécions aussi la proposition de la FAO de persévérer dans ses actions pour ce qui concerne la prévention de pertes agricoles et cela est pour nous une initiative très importante.
Concernant le programme alimentaire mondial, la Roumanie l'a soutenu et le soutient encore. Dans ce contexte, on propose la création du Centre régional FAO pour l'Europe de l'Est qui serait situé en Roumanie. Dans la conception du Gouvernement roumain, les problèmes que je viens de citer doivent être reflétés dans le prochain budget de la FAO et la FAO doit coopérer avec d'autres organisations intéressées aux problèmes agricoles comme le Fonds international pour le développement agricole (FIDA), le Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD), la Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement, le Conseil
mondial pour l'alimentation, les Commissions économiques, régionales et autres organisations du système des Nations Unies.
J'ai présenté en résumé quelques points de vue concernant la situation actuelle et les perspectives de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture en général, avec les problèmes qui ont été inscrits sur l'agenda de travail de cette Conférence.
En conclusion, nous voudrions mentionner que nous sommes conscients que pour solutionner les problèmes complexes auxquels est confrontée l'humanité, tous les pays du monde doivent participer de façon active et directe.
La Roumanie a décidé d'oeuvrer auprès des autres pays pour trouver des solutions viables et durables pour l'accélération du progrès de l'humanité, pour l'amélioration des relations de coopération, la détente et la paix dans le monde.
Permettez-nous de souhaiter plein succès aux travaux de la Conférence. Nous vous remercions pour l'attention que vous nous avez accordée. Merci, M. le Président.
Sra. Hirin GAVIRIA RINCON (Venezuela): Es para mí un honor representar al gobierno democrático y al Gobierno de Venezuela. Permítame Señor Presidente felicitarlo por su elección así como por el desempeño eficiente en esta Conferencia. Felicitamos igualmente al Señor Edouard Saouma por el trabajo realizado durante los últimos dieciocho años al frente de este importante organización mundial. Al nuevo Director General, Señor Jacques Diouf, nuestro respeto y apoyo en las duras tareas que le esperan.
El derrumbe del Muro de Berlín y el proceso de cambios en Europa del Este parecieron hechos que no solamente iban a dar término a la bipolaridad ideológica que dominó el Siglo XX, sino que anunciaban el fin de un mundo dividido en dos porciones, en aras de la globalización de la economía y de un reparto más equitativo de la riqueza.
Si bien la primera consecuencia, es decir, la globalización de la economía, se está realizando, la división entre países ricos y países pobres, entre poblaciones con standares de vida altos y colectividades víctimas de hambrunas y necesidades, se profundiza más día a día.
La crisis latinoamericana provocada por la deuda externa y la imposición de políticas de apertura asimétrica, ha tenido efectos perversos en nuestras colectividades pues al sacrificio que implica el pago de dicha deuda y su servicio, se suman las restricciones originadas por programas de ajustes de algún costo social.
Ya a casi una década de haberse iniciado esta política, las expectativas que se encadenaron con ella no se han cumplido y en muchos casos no se ven perspectivas ciertas de que ellas puedan concretarse a mediano plazo.
Latinoamérica no ha podido elevar sustancialmente su producción interna la cual sigue siendo apenas el 4.6 por ciento del Producto Interno Bruto mundial. Sus exportaciones más bien disminuyeron de 6.2 por ciento del total del mundo en 1985, a 4.9 por ciento para 1990 y en el mismo quinquenio sus importaciones se mantuvieron casi iguales, al bajar de 3.8 por ciento al 3.7 por ciento.
En el período 1987-1991 sus exportaciones agrícolas representaron apenas el 38 por ciento del total de bienes y servicios exportables, mientras que las importaciones de alimentos fueron para América Latina, en el mismo período, de 12 por ciento.
Este retroceso en el comercio alimentario ocurre a pesar de que la superficie dedicada a la agricultura ha crecido de 117 millones 213 mil hectáreas en 1970, a 153 millones 311 mil hectáreas en 1991 y la superficie sembrada bajo riego se ha incrementado en un 50 por ciento en estos últimos veinte años, al pasar de 10 millones 25 mil hectáreas a 15 millones, 889 mil.
Las políticas proteccionistas de los países desarrollados han influido de una manera determinante en la reducción relativa de la población agrícola con relación a la población total de América Latina. Para 1970 la relación, en números gruesos, era de 285 millones de habitantes de los cuales 117 millones, es decir 38 por ciento, vivían en el campo. Para 1992, de 466 millones de habitantes apenas 118 millones, es decir, 28 por ciento, habitan en el medio rural.
De acuerdo con las estadísticas del Fondo Monetario Internacional para 1990 las inversiones extranjeras directas en América Latina apenas significaron el 4 por ciento del total mundial, lo que demuestra el poco interés de muchas naciones desarrolladas en esta parte del universo, la cual, junto con el resto de naciones no desarrolladas alberga cerca del 60 por ciento de los habitantes del planeta.
Si el intercambio comercial se detalla por bloques, la situación se torna todavía más angustiosa, pues solamente mantiene una relativa estabilidad con Estados Unidos, mientras que con la Comunidad Europea y con Japón hay un descenso de casi cincuenta por ciento en los últimos veinte años.
En 1970 las importaciones y exportaciones de la Comunidad Europea provenientes o hacia Lationamérica representaban el 8.1 por ciento y el 7.21 por ciento respectivamente del total de esas actividades del viejo continente. En 1990, veinte años después, las cifras se habían reducido a 5.48 por ciento y 3.75 por ciento, respectivamente.
Con Japón, de importaciones latinoamericanas que representaban el 7.11 por ciento de su total para 1970, nos encontramos con un 3.93 por ciento para 1990. Y en cuanto a exportaciones, entre los dos decenios descendieron de 5.15 a 3.06 por ciento.
En materia agroalimentaria, nuestras naciones han venido cumpliendo con los procesos de liberalización de los mercados internos, pero, los grandes bloques económicos no aplican lo que predican, por lo que nuestras exportaciones se están viendo afectadas por medidas de diversa índole. El banano, el tabaco, las manzanas, el atún y muchos otros rubros de países de América Latina, están siendo afectados por diversas disposiciones, mientras que se nos exige aceptar todas las importaciones de alimentos, la mayoría de las cuales gozan de subsidios en sus naciones de origen y, por tanto, compiten deslealmente con nuestras agriculturas. Los escasos avances en el marco de las conversaciones de la Ronda Uruguay del GATT parecieran indicar que no se producirán cambios sustanciales en los países industrializados y que la división del mundo en dos bloques será cada vez más profunda.
Fue esta una de las razones que nos llevaron a constituir un mecanismo de intercambio de información y de discusión en el subcontinente. El Consejo
Asesor de Ministros de Agricultura de Latinoamérica, creado a mediados de Octubre en Caracas, servirá para ir cotejando estos hechos y para buscar posiciones comunes ante los problemas agroalimentarios que nos afectan.
Ya casi al inicio del Siglo XXI el mundo observa las ruinas del Muro de Berlín y ve con satisfacción el fin de la Guerra Fría. Pero paralelamente a estos signos de paz y unión, observa también con preocupación la depauperación de las comunidades no desarrolladas, a costa del enriquecimiento de los países más poderosos. Y no debe olvidarse que la miseria conduce a la desesperación y ésta a la violencia. Ya muchas de nuestras sociedades lationaméricanas han sufrido estas experiencias.
La imposibilidad de competir contra las tesorerías de los países desarrollados está reduciendo no solamente los mercados externos, sino también la propia producción interna. Haremos todo lo posible para que al lado del café, el cacao, las flores y las frutas y otros productos exportables, al menos en nuestros territorios permanezcan las siembras de maíz, de frijol, de papa y de trigo. Que la leche que alimente a nuestros niños provenga básicamente de nuestros rebaños y que una buena parte de las proteínas animales que se sirven en nuestras mesas hayan sido producidas con pastos de nuestras praderas.
Las voces que claman equidad se escuchan cada vez con mayor fuerza a fin de que podamos concurrir libremente a los mercados internacionales con nuestros productos, los cuales son cada vez de mayor calidad y competitividad. Claman estas voces porque se mantenga el empleo en nuestras zonas rurales, porque se fortalezcan los sistemas democráticos y porque podamos vivir en paz y contribuir con la paz mundial. Es hora de luchar para evitar una nueva y peligrosa bipolaridad: la bipolaridad agroalimentaria. Ojalá que estas voces sean oidas a su debido tiempo para impedir que predicciones negativas lleguen a concretarse.
La FAO deberá jugar un papel fundamental en este esfuerzo por reducir las gigantescas y crecientes diferencias entre ricos y pobres. Hemos aceptado el reto de competir libremente, a pesar de nuestras dificultades tecnológicas. No pedimos ventajas especiales ni tratamientos misericordiosos, pedimos una verdadera igualdad de oportunidades, para que cada quién pueda ocupar el puesto que le corresponde en la humanidad libre y sana del siglo XXI.
Mrs Gunhild OEYANGEN (Norway) : Mr Chairman, on behalf of the Norwegian delegation I would like to congratulate you and your Vice-chairman upon your elections.
I also want to congratulate the new Director-General, Mr Jacques Diouf. I would like to extend this congratulation to the entire African group. The election of an African to this post marks an important milestone in the history of FAO. It is a difficult and challenging task he is called to take on. Let me assure that Norway stands ready to cooperate actively to make the task as easy as possible.
I also wish the outgoing Director-General, Mr Edouard Saouma, a pleasant retirement and want to thank him for his long and wholehearted commitment to this Organization.
It is with great pleasure I welcome the ten new members of FAO. This marks another important step towards making FAO a fully universal organization.
The presentation to the Conference of the interesting study "Agriculture Towards 2010", on the future global agricultural situation, demonstrates clearly that the regional imbalances in food security are alarming. At the same time as some parts of the world are facing problems related to overproduction, the development in other parts of the world is being hampered by hunger, malnutrition and low food security. Nearly 800 million people regularly go hungry. This situation is not acceptable and shows that the challenges ahead are immense. FAO clearly has a role to play in international efforts to address these problems.
One of the main challenges is poverty alleviation, particularly in sub-sanaran Africa where the vast majority of the population lives in extreme poverty. It is unacceptable that hundreds of millions of people live on less than a dollar a day, and that 40 000 children die each day of malnutrition and disease. I firmly believe that poverty is the root cause of malnutrition and low food security. Poverty alleviation is therefore a key element in any effort to improve the nutritional status of the population.
Durable solutions to the poverty problem have to come from the countries themselves. National governments should make greater efforts to improve the situation for the poorest segments of the population. The poor should be given increased access to land, technology and credit. Governments must also give higher priority to agriculture and food production in their general development policy. Emphasis needs to be put on agricultural education and human resources development for girls and women in particular.
The contribution of the international community is also vital. Development assistance targeted at the poor is an important tool in the struggle against poverty. But it is equally important to establish a more equitable trade system, allowing developing countries to participate in international trade on equal terms. My government looks forward to a successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round in GATT before the end of this year. Too much is at risk, especially for developing countries, by further delaying the completion.
Considerable changes have taken place in international relations since the last FAO Conference. The need for reform in the United Nations system is now widely accepted. We need a more dynamic, better focused, and more securely financed United Nations system that sets priorities based on present and future needs.
The United Nations system, FAO included, has an important role to play in turning development in a more encouraging direction. We have, however, seen that the United Nations system is suffering from inefficiency and coordination problems, and that the support for multilateral development cooperation has weakened in member countries. It is therefore an important task to re-establish the confidence in the multilateral system.
FAO is an important part of the system. One of the great challenges to the new Director-General will be, in cooperation with the member countries, to ensure that FAO in the future continues to play a vital role so that governments continue to seek assistance and advice from the Organization when need arises.
FAO has an important mandate in promoting development of the food sector and has been entrusted the task of implementing an extensive field
programme. The field programme is important for many developing countries; therefore, the quality of the programme must be ensured. Considerable changes in the field programme have been carried out during the last few years, but further improvement is needed to enhance the quality of field operations. We must make sure that the technical assistance is as effective as we would like it to be.
More emphasis must be placed on building up local capacity so the developing countries can administer their own development, even if this demands difficult adjustments in some international organizations.
The secretariat has proposed that the Conference modify the system for support cost calculation for Trust Fund activities. In previous discussions in the Council, several important Trust Fund donors have expressed doubts regarding the proposed system. I sincerely hope that the Conference does not make a decision on this issue without taking into account the need of FAO for financing of its field activities also in the future.
Turning to priorities, I want to emphasize the need to give top priority to the role of FAO as a leading global agency in food and agriculture. The Organization must concentrate its work on areas and tasks within its mandate where it has clear comparative advantages, and thereby strengthen the mutual reinforcement between operational activities and general professional competence.
The situation in the forestry sector has given reason for concern and calls for leadership by FAO. The Organization must put great emphasis on the role of global lead agency in forestry development. If the attention given to this sector is allowed to be further reduced, both the development of the forestry sector and FAO's future role in this area will be at risk.
Since the last FAO conference, a consensus has been reached on a consultative forum for the Tropical Forestry Action Plan. It is my sincere hope that this forum will function according to the intentions. Tropical forests, managed in a sustainable way, can constitute an important resource for development.
FAO also has a role to play as a leading international organization for the utilization and conservation of living aquatic resources. Fisheries and aquaculture are becoming increasingly important in satisfying global nutritional needs, contributing especially to a balanced diet.
I am pleased with the initiative FAO has taken to solve the problem created by the reflagging of fishing vessels to avoid international regulations. I also want to point out that FAO has a significant role to play in the elaboration of a code of conduct for responsible fishing.
Norway has long traditions in cooperating with FAO in the fishery sector for the benefit of developing countries. In addition to financing several Trust Fund projects, Norway and FAO have been cooperating since 1974 on the operation of the fishery research vessel "Dr Fridtjof Nansen." Norway has recently completed the construction of a new vessel which will start its operations from the beginning of 1994. I am pleased that FAO has been able to provide input to the planning of the vessel and the cooperation programme linked to its operation.
The main challenge in the agricultural sector is to modify existing production patterns so that they become more sustainable. Present methods
of agricultural production in several parts of the world axe not durable. Therefore, existing production patterns will have to be modified to become ecologically sustainable. At the same time, the volume of production must be increased to satisfy the rapidly growing world population. These challenges are among the most serious ones facing humanity today.
I have studied carefully the progress report on the implementation of FAO's Plan of Action for Integration of Women in Agriculture and Rural Development. I must repeat what I said two years ago, that we still have to maintain for a long time the priority given to these aspects of development. Since the International Women's Year in 1975, we have seen progress in some areas, particularly regarding the formal status of women. But this has not been matched by progress with regard to the actual situation of women. All forms of discrimination against women need to be stopped, for example in terms of access to education, land and productive assets, credit, income and services, decision-making and conditions of work and remuneration.
For too many women in too many countries, real development during recent years has only been an illusion. This issue is important, however, not only from an equality point of view, but also from an economic perspective. Women's contribution to economic development is critical, especially in the area of agriculture. A number of studies have shown that, particularly in the developing countries, their contribution needs to be reappraised and better utilized. Ensuring women's full participation in development will directly improve the living standards of her children and family.
There is need for a critical view on the organizational aspects of women in development activities in FAO. The WID focal point should, in my view, be given a more prominent place in the organizational hierarchy. Such a move would give women in development aspects a higher status in the Organization's work.
I was personally touched by hearing Ms Felicidad Lema Villareal in her speech upon receiving the B.R. Sen Award for 1993. I extend my warmest congratulations to her. Her nomination to the prize shows that women have a lot to offer this Organization, and her interesting experiences from China demonstrate fully that investment in women is worthwhile.
I will conclude by appealing to Mr Diouf to work actively for increasing the percentage of women professionals in the Organization, particularly at higher levels. It is good resource management to fully utilize the potential represented by the female part of the population. I am sure Mr Diouf will agree with me on this, especially since he is himself the father of four girls.
LE PRESIDENT: Nous vous remercions, Madame le Ministre de l'Agriculture de Norvège, pour cet appel en faveur des femmes. Et puisque vous êtes la seule femme ministre parmi nous, je pense que tout le monde aura bien compris l'appel.
Je passe maintenant la parole au Représentant de Malte.
Lawrence GATT (Malta): Mr Chairman, colleagues, ladies and gentlemen, may I first of all, Mr Chairman, congratulate you on your election to chair this important Conference.
I should also like to join other delegates in welcoming into our Organization the new Member Nations from Europe, Africa and Asia. With the admission of these new Member Nations, I am glad to see FAO is now approaching universality.
On this occasion, I should like to take the opportunity to congratulate the newly-elected Director-General, Dr Jacques Diouf, and to assure him of my Government's support and cooperation in the years ahead. The Director-Generalship of FAO is no bed of roses, and these are challenging times.
I have no doubt that he will seek to consolidate the achievements of his predecessor and introduce new measures and ideas for progress in food and agricultural production, leading to a sustainable improvement in human welfare.
I must here pay tribute to the outgoing Director-General, Mr Edouard Saouma, for his untiring efforts in leading this Organization through practical programmes, such as the Technical Cooperation Programme, which now constitutes an effective means of responding to urgent needs for technical assistance, particularly following emergencies, as well as being a unique instrument to provide finance for small innovative and pilot projects. Thus FAO has transformed its image into one of a forward-looking, dynamic organization with an active field focus, promoter and executor of projects conducive to sustainable agricultural development.
Mr Chairman, in order that we may take a positive view of the future, we are asked to direct our attention to two new areas of paramount importance in the multifunctional role of agriculture today. I am referring to the problems of malnutrition and food security, and of the environment and sustainable development. FAO has recognized the importance of these themes and designated them as top priority areas. Both themes have been the subject of two global conferences, UNCED held in Rio, and the International Conference on Nutrition, held jointly by our Organization, and WHO, here in Rome, in December 1992.
Malta, having actively participated in both conferences, is very concerned about the key issues treated there, and would not like to see these lost sight of. It accordingly urges the international community to continue to give priority to such issues, and cooperate in the implementation and follow-up of the strategies and plans of action agreed upon during these two important international meetings.
The problems of malnutrition and of the environment are interrelated. Lack of proper nutrition would tax heavily the human resources of any country. In an effort to improve the living standards of the people, very often governments, the private sector and the people concerned tend to harm the environment in doing so. In turn, a degraded environment would lead to the loss of potentially productive resources. In Maltese we have a saying "do not soil the spring from which you drink", which means that we have a direct responsibility and interest in safeguarding our natural resources.
It is therefore important to devise measures and policies that would lead to integrated resource management. A more integrated approach to problem solving would alleviate the pains of trade-offs, and direct the attention of policy-makers more towards global improvement. It seems to me that even in the educational and professional formation of both administrators and scientists, there is a need to move away from overspecialization.
On the subject of safeguarding national resources, I should like to welcome the Council's endorsement of the revised text (drafted by the Technical Committee) of the International Agreement on Vessels Fishing on the High Seas.
Malta has always taken the position that shared natural resources are a matter of common concern and, as such, should be subject to appropriate international regulation. When therefore the "Draft Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas" comes before the Conference later this Session, we will assure it of our unqualified support.
I have noted with interest the report entitled "Agriculture Towards 2010" prepared by FAO for consideration by this Conference. I must congratulate the authors for their sense of vision and thank them for highlighting for us the urgent need to effect institutional changes in order to accompany technological progress so that the research findings will leave the laboratory or the experimental stations and be applied in the farms themselves. Planning for resource use and management is the key to an effective institutional change.
The activities in research and technology development must be made more accessible to the small farmers through effective extension work. This implies a system of legally enforceable regulatory measures both at the national level and the international level. At the same time the process of both the planning phase and the creation of the right regulatory environment must involve the participation of the people at the grass-roots level and the community as a whole.
Conscious of these needs, the Government of Malta has recently enacted a Structure Plan that regulates land use and stimulates sustainability and promotes decentralization and public participation in this decision-making process. Simultaneously local councils have been established with responsibility for safeguarding the environment and promoting social development in each particular locality.
This application of the principle of subsidiarity is of paramount importance for the achievement of sustainable development, effective integrated resource management and improved food security.
Of course, I am not suggesting that national authorities or even international organizations do not have a responsibility in this respect. Neither do I mean that the need for research work, and technological improvement, is becoming less important. Nonetheless, I consider that such central activities must look into the needs of whole urban and rural contexts rather than concentrating on isolated initiatives.
Another topic I would like to refer to briefly is the growing international trend toward economic cooperation and integration on a regional basis, which is manifesting itself in various parts of the world. We welcome this trend, particularly in the European Region where it is most advanced with the coming into effect of the Maastricht Treaty, and we trust that European integration will be a widening process. We also favour closer cooperation between neighbouring countries such as in the Mediterranean, in the field of food production, productive systems and in environmental protection. In this connection, we were pleased to host recently in Malta both the FAO General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean and the FAO European
Commission on Agriculture. We are always glad in Malta to .serve as a meeting point for international exchange and cooperation.
To conclude, I need hardly dwell upon the difficulties that global cooperationcan encounter as evidenced by the protracted delays in the finalization of the GATT negotiations. Of course, radical changes in long-established trading policies in the agricultural sector would no doubt cause difficulties and shocks to many farmers unless proper mechanisms are put in place to cushion the effects of more liberal trading policies. Without elaborating on this theme, I just wish to mention this point, in view of the far-reaching repercussions which the outcome of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations can have on nutrition and food security as well as on the environment and sustainable development.
I am confident, however, that with FAO's collective contribution and the concerted efforts of individual states these difficulties will be successfully overcome.
TAO SENG HUOR (Cambodge): Monsieur le Président, Excellences, Honorables Délégués, Mesdames, Messieurs, au nom de la Délégation du Gouvernement royal du Cambodge, je suis particulièrement heureux de vous présenter mes chaleureuses félicitations pour votre élection à la Présidence de cette vingt-septième session de la Conférence de la FAO. Mes félicitations s'adressent également aux membres du Bureau.
Ma délégation est convaincue que, grâce à votre sagesse et à votre compétence, les travaux de la présente session seront couronnés de succès.
Ma délégation saisit cette exceptionnelle occasion pour présenter, au nom du Gouvernement royal du Cambodge, sa profonde gratitude au Gouvernement et au peuple italien pour la chaleureuse hospitalité qui nous est offerte.
Je voudrais également, au nom de ma délégation, rendre un sincère hommage à S.E. M. Edouard Saouma, Directeur général de la FAO sortant, qui n'a cessé d'aider la population cambodgienne et dont les programmes reflètent ses efforts en faveur du développement agricole au Cambodge. Jusqu'à présent, la FAO a apporté une aide remarquable au Cambodge, dont:
- T.C.P.: le fonds propre de la FAO pour le plan de sauvegarde du bétail.
- Fonds fiduciaires: multilatéral
-Suède: 2 programmes de fourniture des engrais
- Pays-Bas: 2 programmes de fourniture des engrais,
- G.P.C. : programme du Gouvernement de la Belgique pour
- la protection et la gestion des forêts inondées.
- D'autres projets sont en cours de réalisation actuellement.
Je me permets d'exprimer mes vifs remerciements aux Gouvernements de la Suède, des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique qui ont apporté leur contribution au peuple cambodgien.
Qu'il me soit permis de saisir cette même occasion pour présenter au nom du Gouvernement royal du Cambodge, mes chaleureuses félicitations à S.E.M. Jacques Diouf, nouveau Directeur général de la FAO.
Ma délégation exprime sa volonté de continuer à coopérer sur une base constructive, dans le but de poursuivre les actions de coopération et de développement agricole dans le monde.
La présente session se tient à un moment où des changements profonds s'opèrent ça et là de par le monde sur les plans politique, économique et social.
S'agissant de la situation spécifique au Niger, lfhistoire politique récente de notre pays est marquée par des événements majeurs tels que:
- la tenue de la Conférence nationale souveraine du 29 juillet 1991 au 3 novembre 1991;
- .l'adoption par le peuple nigérien de la constitution de la troisième République le 26 décembre 1992;
- .les élections législatives et présidentielles des 14 et 27 février 1993 et du 27 mars 1993.
Ce sont là, Monsieur le Président, des événements d'importance capitale qui sont le résultat de plusieurs années de lutte et de sacrifice du peuple du Niger pour l'instauration d'un ordre démocratique et républicain et l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations nigériennes. Le processus démocratique, qui a abouti à l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution et à la mise en place d'autorités démocratiquement élues crée les conditions de toutes les transformations politiques, économiques et sociales susceptibles de garantir un avenir meilleur au peuple nigérien.
Monsieur le Président, l'ordre du jour de la 27ème session de notre Conférence a prévu à son point 6 l'examen de la situation et des perspectives de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture.
Aussi je voudrais brièvement informer cette auguste assemblée sur la situation agricole et alimentaire du Niger. L'agriculture et l'élevage occupent plus de 70 pour cent de la population nigérienne.
Le Niger se trouve confronté à une dégradation de son potentiel productif résultant d'une situation climatique globalement défavorable sur les 20 dernières années et d'une pression foncière en rapide augmentation, liée à un accroissement démographique important.
La conjonction de ces facteurs a conduit à un doublement des surfaces cultivées en 25 ans, à une remontée des cultures vers les terres "marginales" et à une diminution des espaces pastoraux disponibles en zone intermédiaire. On arrive aujourd'hui à une situation quasi généralisée d'appauvrissement du capital terre, de diminution ou de disparition des jachères, de surexploitation des ressources ligneuses et de surpâturage.
Cette dégradation du potentiel productif se traduit par une situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle globalement difficile, caractérisée par une forte variabilité sur l'année et des résultats de campagne agricole très hétérogènes au cours de la même année.
En 1992, le bilan alimentaire a accusé un déficit de 232 734 tonnes, créant une situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle très critique dans plusieurs régions du pays, qui a conduit le gouvernement à solliciter l'aide de la communauté internationale et à opérer une ponction importante sur ses stocks de réserve.
Monsieur le Président, je voudrais profiter de cette occasion qui m'est offerte pour remercier très sincèrement au nom du Gouvernement du Niger et
à mon nom propre les pays et organismes amis qui soutiennent le Niger dans son combat contre l'insécurité alimentaire. Le Niger leur sait gré et leur exprime ses remerciements du haut de cette tribune.
Pour l'année 1993/94, la population nigérienne doit malheureusement encore faire face à des difficultés alimentaires.
En effet la campagne agricole qui vient de s'achever n'a pas répondu à nos attentes. Le niveau de production de céréales se situe, à niveau comparable, à celui de l'année dernière. Ce qui nécessite encore la mise en oeuvre d'un programme d'aide alimentaire.
Monsieur le Président, honorables délégués, Mesdames, Messieurs. Dans sa lutte contre l'insécurité alimentaire et pour l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations, la politique agricole au Niger est faite dans le sens d'accroître qualitativement et quantitativement des productions agro-sylvo-pastorales dans le cadre de systèmes de production intensifiés, diversifiés et garantissant sur le long terme les équilibres écologiques. La mise en oeuvre de cette politique repose sur les stratégies suivantes:
- garantir aux producteurs la satisfaction de leurs besoins alimentaires et monétaires ;
- .assurer la sécurité alimentaire et rechercher, sur le long terme, l'auto-sufficance alimentaire;
- .garantir sur le long terme, le maintien et l'amélioration du potentiel naturel productif;
- .accroître la contribution des productions agro-sylvo-pastorales pour atteindre un équilibre de la balance de paiement.
Monsieur le Président, à cette politique agricole, s'ajoute une politique nationale de sécurité alimentaire dont les objectifs poursuivis sont:
- une disponibilité suffisante en denrées alimentaires;
- .une bonne stabilité de l'offre;
- .'accès assuré pour toutes les populations aux denrées alimentaires de base.
Cette politique de sécurité alimentaire repose sur un certain nombre de principes directeurs dont :
- une prise en compte des intérêts de tous les acteurs concernés par les filières alimentaires;
- des actions sur les court, moyen et long terme mis en oeuvre par:
* une cellule sécurité alimentaire chargée de l'exécution des études prospectives et de l'élaboration d'un programme complet de sécurité alimentaire du suivi et de la coordination de la mise en oeuvre des actions devant concourir à la sécurité alimentaire
*. une structure d'aide à la décision constituée à l'heure actuelle par le système d'alerte précoce;
- des actions décentralisées au sein des programmes élaborés par les comités régionaux et sous-régionaux de sécurité alimentaire et seules capables de prendre en compte les spécificités locales et le caractère avant tout micro-économique d'une véritable sécurité alimentaire;
- l'utilisation prioritaire des structures et projets existants plutôt que l'identification systématique de nouvelles interventions autonomes;
- un recours le plus restrictif possible à l'aide alimentaire et à la distribution de vivres;
- .l'injection de revenus et de crédit dans le milieu rural considérée comme un moyen privilégié pour permettre la transformation des systèmes de production et la diminution de la dépendance alimentaire des populations.
Ces politiques de production agricole et de sécurité alimentaire s'inscrivent dans une politique nationale de gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles. Elle procède d'une approche globale et pluridisciplinaire reposant sur un contexte juridique incitatif (le Code rural). Cette politique a pour objectif une transformation progressive des systèmes de production des éleveurs et des agriculteurs en vue de prendre en compte le respect sur le long terme, les équilibres écologiques fondamentaux.
Notre politique de gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles, dont la mise en oeuvre est coordonnée par une cellule de gestion des ressources naturelles, s'appuie sur une politique démographique adaptée et s'inscrit dans une démarche "Aménagement du territoire" permettant une vision à long terme et proposant une utilisation optimale du potentiel disponible garantissant ainsi un développement durable.
Monsieur le Président, malgré la multitude de contraintes qui pèsent sur le secteur rural, celui-ci constitue incontestablement encore un des piliers sur lesquels repose l'économie nigérienne.
Pour l'année 1991, la contribution du secteur rural au produit intérieur brut a été de 245,937 milliards de francs CFA, soit 37,44 pour cent du produit total. C'est pour permettre à ce secteur de contribuer davantage à l'économie nationale que le programme d'urgence, mis en place par le gouvernement de la troisième République, consacre une place importante aux actions en direction du monde rural.
Dans ce cadre, le déblocage des financements suspendus en raison des arriérés de paiement auprès de certaines institutions internationales a été une des premières préoccupations des nouvelles autorités de mon pays.
Une deuxième action en direction du monde rural inscrite au titre du programme est le parachèvement de la restructuration de notre mouvement coopératif qui débouchera très bientôt sur l'adoption d'un statut juridique approprié, lui permettant désormais de disposer d'une marge de manoeuvre suffisante pour garantir l'approvisionnement en intrants agricoles et la commercialisation des produits agropastoraux.
Monsieur le Président, au-delà du programme d'urgence qui se veut à la fois un programme de sauvegarde et de redressement de l'économie nationale, les nouvelles autorités de mon pays s'attellent à l'élaboration d'un plan de développement économique et social 1994-1998.
Pour le secteur agropastoral, ce plan mettra en place un train de mesures destinées à garantir des mécanismes appropriés pour le financement de la production agricole et la commercialisation des produits.
Monsieur le Président, honorables délégués, Mesdames, Messieurs. Après l'instauration d'une dynamique nouvelle née d'un nouveau contexte démocratique, l'objectif à court, moyen et long terme des autorités de la troisième République est de résoudre les problèmes institutionnels du monde rural et de mettre le secteur agricole à l'abri des aléas climatiques afin d'améliorer certaines tendances observées.
Selon la projection des tendances observées:
- les superficies totales cultivées en céréales seront de 9 250 000 ha en 2008 contre environ 5 000 000 en 1988.
- la production disponible en 2008 correspondra:
* en année normale à 3 263 000 tonnes de céréales
* n mauvaise année à 2 516 000 tonnes
* en bonne année à 3 617 000 tonnes
* en année moyenne à 3 145 000 tonnes
Selon l'hypotèse d'une fécondité constante de la population et sur la base des besoins céréaliers actuellement utilisés au Niger (250/200 kg) nous observerons :
* en année normale un déficit de 217 000 tonnes de céréales
* en mauvaise année un déficit de 992 000 tonnes
* en bonne année un surplus de 110 000 tonnes
* en année moyenne un déficit de 362 000 tonnes
Selon ces hypothèses le pourcentage de la couverture des besoins céréaliers sera de:
* 93 pour cent en année normale
* 72 pour cent en mauvaise année
* 103 pour cent en bonne année
* 90 pour cent en année moyenne
La recherche d'une meilleure performance de notre secteur rural, qui est un des axes de notre plan de développement 1994-1998, permettra sans aucun doute d'améliorer ces tendances pour éviter certains déséquilibes macroéconomiques qui pourraient surgir sur le plan de l'urbanisation et de la consommation alimentaire.
Monsieur le Président, je voudrais pour terminer évoquer un sujet qui me tient particulièrement à coeur: il s'agit de l'intégration des femmes dans le développement agricole et rural. Sur un plan global, les nouvelles autorités de mon pays ont fait la preuve de l’intérêt et de la considération qu'elles entendent accorder à la valorisation de la femme nigérienne. Cinq femmes occupent des postes dans le gouvernement dont certaines dans des domaines qui ne leur étaient pas traditionnellement dévolus.
Au Niger les femmes représentent plus de la moitié de la population totale (50,3 pour cent) et contribuent considérablement à l'équilibre alimentaire
et nutritionnel. Dans le cadre de leurs activités, les femmes rencontrent malheureusement encore certaines contraintes notamment:
- les difficultés d'accès à la propriété foncière;
- la faiblesse organisationnelle (insuffisance des groupements d'intérêts).
Au Niger la politique d'intégration des femmes dans le développement agricole et rural est une composante de la politique globale de promotion de la femme qui repose sur les axes suivants :
- le renforcement des structures de promotion de la femme;
- le développement de la capacité de décision et d'action afin de renforcer la place et le rôle de la femme dans le processus du développement.
Au Niger nous demeurons convaincus que la promotion de la femme passe par:
- sa libération des tâches quotidiennes harassantes;
- sa scolarisation, son alphabétisation et sa formation à tous les métiers;
- sa capacité à toutes les activités économiques, politiques et socioculturelles.
Je voudrais avant de terminer, Monsieur le Président, saluer l'admission de nouveaux pays au sein de notre Organisation en qualité de membres, ce qui vient ainsi renforcer et témoigner, s'il en est besoin, de la vitalité et du dynamisme de notre Organisation.
Vive la coopération internationale. Vive l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. Je vous remercie .
Valdemar WARNER (Saint Kitts and Nevis): Mr Chairman, Director-General and other members of the head table, I bring you greetings from the Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis, and particularly the Hon. Minister of Agriculture who because of pressing matters of state could not be present.
I wish to congratulate you Mr Chairman for the professional and astute manner in which you have been conducting the affairs of Conference. I also wish to thank you, Mr Director-General, for your professional conduct of the affairs of the institution, and wish you all the best in your future years.
Additionally I wish to congratulate the Director-General-elect Mr Jacques Diouf on your election to lead this most prestigious organization. You have been elected at a time when there is a call for change. You have also been elected to lead us onto the threshold of the twenty-first century, and I may dare say, the first years of that era.
You came to us with a distinguished background and we have no doubt that you will use the experience and professionalism in carrying out the duties of your office, with the able assistance and sage advice of the many career professionals of the institution.
While one recognizes that many changes have taken place during the approximately fifty (50) years of its existence, we consider it important
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1 Texte reçu avec demande d'insertion au procès-verbal.
technology which is available in the developed countries, Jto see how it can be transferred and applied to meet the needs of the developing countries.
Saint Kitts and Nevis is among that group of countries referred to as small island states which are very vulnerable to the real threats of global warming and sea level rise. For a long time we have been aware of the fragility of our environment but it has been reinforced by the Rio Conference to the extent that all development projects are now subject to environmental impact assessment. This also holds true for agricultural projects, for as we seek to increase food production and productivity, we need to safeguard against degradation and deterioration of the environment, either through use of chemicals or unsound cultivation practices. The FAO, its associate members and member countries have a clear role to play in this area. We are therefore pleased that the FAO is concentrating on placing agriculture on an "ecologically sound basis".
Over the past four years, we in the Caribbean have been hearing much about the Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP) . We strongly believe that the time has come for implementation of the plan and we urge FAO to mobilize the necessary resources to ensure there is no further degradation and depletion of our forest resources. Meanwhile through our own efforts and the assistance of a UNDP-funded, and FAO-executed agricultural diversification project, Saint Kitts and Nevis has re-established a forestry and tree crop nursery while we await execution of the TFAP.
This agricultural diversification project is bolstered by a World Bank funded agricultural support project. The principal aims of these two projects are:
- Livestock development
- Agro-forestry development
- Institutional strengthening
- Improvement and strengthening of agricultural engineering
- Farmer training and development of farmer associations
- Research in and development of regional and international markets
- Post-harvest handling
In closing, Mr Chairman, let me reiterate the appreciation of my country for the assistance received from the FAO since our joining the United Nations ten (10) years ago .
The meeting rose at 18.30 hours.
La séance est levée à 18 h 30.
Se levanta la sesión a las 18.30 horas.
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1 Statement inserted in the verbatim records on request.