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Remote sensing for space-time mapping of smog in Punjab and identification of the underlying causes using geographic information system (R-SMOG)









FAO. 2020. Remote sensing for space-time mapping of smog in Punjab and identification of the underlying causes using geographic information system (R-SMOG). Islamabad.




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    This publication describes the analytical process carried out under the European Union-funded SALSA project which enabled the development of a European map of the distribution of small farms at the NUTS-3 level and assessed the capabilities and usefulness of Copernicus Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites for small farms monitoring, specifically in providing information about crop types, crop area extent and crop production.
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    The rapidly rising world population is causing both a pressure on land and water space and the need to greatly increase food output. A realistic and practicable way of supplying more food protein is to increase fish production through the extension of aquaculture and inland fisheries. Since production sites for these activities need to satisfy fairly complex location criteria, it is important that suitable areas are identified and preferably designated in advance. The location criteria which con trol aquaculture and inland fisheries are identified and described. These mainly consist of physical and economic considerations though social factors may be important. It is necessary to obtain data to allow for its mapping. The various alternatives for assembling this data are described. Two fields of applied science and technology have recently emerged which, when used in combination, can greatly assist in the spatial decision-making process. The fundamentals of the first of these, remote sensing, are described giving particular emphasis to the commercial, high resolution environmental satellites and the sensing devices which they carry. The manner in which the aerial photographic and digital images which are produced can be processed and applied to the search for optimum fish production locations is described, and then indications are given as to where and how remotely sensed data can best be procured. Once the various types of locational data are assembled, the necessary maps o n which location decisions are made can be drawn up. This task can be greatly expedited by using the second applied science and technology field, that of “geographical information systems”. This emerging methodology relies on the increasing power of the computer to process vast amounts of spatially referenced and encoded data in such a way as to produce any desired maps, tabular or textual output, using a large array of ways to manipulate the data. The required computer hardware and software are reviewed, including examples where appropriate, and we show the considerations which are necessary in setting up a geographical information system for the development and management of aquaculture and inland fisheries. We conclude by giving an divergent selection of relevant case studies.
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    Groundwater search by remote sensing: A methodological approach 2003
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    In the framework of the technical assistance provided to the Groundwater Unit (GWU) of the FAO-implemented IRAQ/SCR/986 "Three-year Agricultural Programme" for the three Iraqi Northern Governorates, a comprehensive remote sensing/GIS methodology was developed to identify potential sites for groundwater exploitation. The approach used in the study was a development of the traditional standard sequence of drainage, landforms, cover and lineaments analyses, to which several improvements and addit ions were made, such as: (1) all data were in digital format and stored in a geo-database as GIS layers; (2) all analyses and interpretations were performed directly from the computer screen; (3) on the basis of a previous positive experience, thermal lineaments analysis was performed; (4) a comprehensive geo-database was created including all GIS layers which were considered of interest for the study; (5) by using the potentiality of GIS software, which allows stacking of georeferenced data f or comparison and integration and data query for subsetting the needed information, selected layers of the database were superimposed on the Landsat image kept as background and a logical series of observations was made, leading to a well-substantiated set of interpretation assumptions. The creation of a GIS database, including the data format and entry, is a time-consuming and laborious exercise, as high accuracy is definitely mandatory. However, once the database is complete, interpretation of features leading to selection of promising sites for groundwater search is carried out easily and quickly. This as a result of data availability of all needed information in a GIS environment. Thirty test areas, selected by the field team, were investigated and 198 promising sites were identified for further ground survey and subsequent drilling.

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