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No Thumbnail AvailableProjectProgramme / project reportOverview of penaeid shrimp culture in Asia
Establishment of a Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia
1984Also available in:
No results found.Marine shrimp farming is a century-old practice in many Asian countries. Until a decade ago, this commodity was still generally considered as secondary crop in traditional fish farming practices. in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and India, shrimp fry were accidentally trapped in the salt beds and paddy fields around estuarine areas, whereas in Indonesia and the Philippines, marine shrimps enter milkfish ponds during tidal exchange. Only recently, due to higher income derived from the harvest of marine shrimp than the principal crop, the farmers eventually converted these fields into shrimp farms. In traditional shrimp farming, sources of wild shrimp fry are either through natural entrance during tidal water exchange or intentionally gathered from the wild and stocked directly in the ponds. Production is dependent on the seasonal abundance of wild fry which fluctuates widely from year to year. In addition, water depth in rearing pond is generally shallow which often leads to extreme f luctuations of water temperature and salinity causing large scale mortality. Predation by carnivorous fishes gaining entrance in the ponds also accounted for considerable loss of shrimps. Production relies almost entirely on natural pond fertility since fertilizers and feeds are not generally used. Consequently, yields are low in the range of 100 – 300 kg/ha/year. Gradually, over the years, some improvements in the traditional methods of culturing shrimp have evolved. For instance, the stockin g density could be increased with the aid of water pump and increasing water depth in the pond which favors shrimp growth since temperature can be maintained and mortality reduced. Production can also be raised by increasing stocking density in pond with the fry collected from the wild. However, supply of seed from the wild is still inconsistent and insufficient that large scale development of the industry cannot be realized. -
No Thumbnail AvailableProjectProgramme / project reportShrimp culture: pond design, operation and management
Establishment of a Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia
1986Also available in:
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No Thumbnail AvailableProjectProgramme / project reportIndonesia - Shrimp culture research. A report prepared for the brackishwater shrimp and milkfish culture applied research and training project 1979
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No results found.This report gives an account of penaeid shrimp culture development work including postlarval production, nursery rearing and pond culture. The postlarval culture method was established for Penaeus monodon and P. merguiensis using different types of culture vessels. The total number of postlarvae produced in 1975 was 580 300 and production has increased to over 4 million in 1977; this figure will be rapidly increased in 1978 from induced gonad maturation and spawning. The highest P. monodon postl arvae per brood in a 10 m3 tank was achieved by producing 375 000 with 73 percent survival, and 320 000 with 52 percent survival for P. merguiensis. Mass-culture systems of phytoplankton and rotifers were established for larval food organisms. The particulated soybean curd and rotifers were used for the larval diet to substitute for Artemia nauplii. Artemia will still be needed for a better survival rate. Various types of nursery methods were experimented on formulated diet and on natural food in ponds; the optimal nursery stocking densities were determined. A series of pond culture results indicated that interim fish extermination by using 7 ppm derris root extract was effective. The annual shrimp production in pond projected from preliminary results indicated that 600 kg per ha per year is possible, utilizing natural productivity with the fertilization but no feeding. This phase of the work needs to be repeated. Based on the experiments, recommendations are outlined for f urther work to increase production.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
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No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -