Chapter 11: Togo

11.1 Background
11.2 Livestock numbers and distribution
11.3 Cattle
11.4 Sheep and goats
11.5 Research and development activities
11.6 Selected bibliography
11.7 Major changes since 1977

11.1 Background

The Ministry of Rural Development is still responsible for eight Directorates. Three of which are concerned with animal production. These are the General Directorate of Rural Development, the Directorate for Animal Production and the Avetonou Research and Animal Production Centre (GREAT) are concerned with livestock production. The Veterinary Services and Animal Health Directorate remain under the Ministry of Rural Development.

Data on human and animal populations for the country are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Human and animal populations of Togo, 1984 and 1985.

Human population (1985)
	- number	3 015 000
	-density	53.1/km²
Animal population (1984)
	- cattle	246 893
	- sheep	620 772
	- goats	734 937

Sources: For human population: projections (+ 2.8%) for 1985 based on 1981 census figures. For animal population: 1984 estimates, Directorate of Veterinary Services and Animal Health.

According to a Tsetse Distribution Survey conducted by Mawuena in Southern Togo (Mawuena, 1981), G. tachinoides is found up to its southern distribution boundary at 645' latitude North (near Avetonou) and G. palpalis palpalis as far down as the coast (615' N). As far as the morsitans group is concerned, G. longipalpis was trapped only at Egbi, near Avetonou.

11.2 Livestock numbers and distribution

The distribution of livestock in the five regions is shown in Table 2.1. The cattle population is concentrated largely in the north, with Savanes and Kara Regions accounting for 70% of the national herd.

Table 2.1 Cattle distribution in Togo, 1984.

Regions	Total numbers	Stocking density/km²	% of national herd
Savanes	82 234	9.5	33.4
Kara	71 586	15.9	29.0
Centre	36 500	1.8	14.8
Plateaux	41 711	2.4	16.8
Maritime	14 862	2.1	6.0
Total	246 893	4.3	100

Source: Directorate of Veterinary and Animal Health Services (Direction des services vétérinaires et de la santé animale). 1984.

The distribution of sheep and goats in the five regions is given in Table 2.2. The Table indicates that there are seven times as many small ruminants as cattle in the country, concentrated mainly in the Savanes and Maritime Regions.

Table 2.2 Sheep and goat distribution in Togo, 1984.

Region	Total numbers	Sheep stocking density hd/km²	Numbers	% of national herd	Goats numbers	% of national herd
Savanes	260 220	30	138 677	22.1	121 543	16.6
Kara	125 791	27.9	67 413	10.9	58 378	7.9
Centre	219 300	10.9	101 300	16.4	118 000	16.1
Plateaux	242 898	14.4	114 882	18.6	128 016	17.4
Maritime	507 500	74	198 500	32.0	309 000	42
Total	1 355 709	23.8	620 772	100	734 937	100

Source: Directorate of Veterinary and Animal Health Services (1984).

11.3 Cattle

11.3.1 Breed characterisation
11.3.2 Diseases
11.3.3 Herd management and composition

11.3.1 Breed characterisation

In 1984, the trypanotolerant cattle population of Togo was 242 000 head comprising 5000 N'Dama, 158 000 Somba, 2500 Lagune and 76 500 Borgou. Exotic breeds such as German Brown, German Yellow, Gir and Guzen Zebu have either disappeared or are disappearing.

11.3.1.1 LAGUNE

Recent data collected on the measurements of this breed in Maritime Region (Agbemelo, 1983) are given in Table 3.

Table 3. Measurements of Lagune by age class and sex.

		Height at withers	Chest girth	Scapulo-ischial length
1-2 years	Male (n=20)	86.20 ± 2.54	106.05 ± 5.73	95.50 ± 4.18
	Female (n=25)	82.18 ± 2.5	102.48 ± 4.37	91.88 ± 3.45
2-3 years	Male (n=13)	91.15 ± 2.95	111.30 ± 4.2	99.10 ± 5.48
	Female (n=39)	89.38 ± 2.27	108.54 ± 3.82	93.87 ± 3.14
3-4 years	Male (n=13)	93.66 ± 2.1	125.07 ± 3.83	110.36 ± 2.94
	Female (n=27)	92.0 ± 1.52	121.81 ± 2.62	105.55 ± 3.25
>4 years	Male (n=8)	99.12 ± 2.15	137.25 ± 8.95	121.37 ± 6.13
	Female	96.38 ± 0.89	132.65 ± 0.99	119.20 ± 1.29

Source: Agbemelo (1983).

11.3.1.1.1 Production traits

Table 4 gives some production parameters for cattle raised under traditional management recorded by Agbemelo (1983) in Maritime Region. Standard deviations are not given and the values should therefore be taken as examples.

Table 4. Lagune production traits.

Fecundity rate (%) (n = 54)		43
Age at first calving (year)		3.5-4
Calving interval (months)		24
Male calf mortality rate (%)		37.9
Female calf mortality rate (%)		31.4
Heifer mortality rate (%)		0.85
Adult mortality rate (%)		1.21
Daily milk yield (kg) (n = 23)		1.5
	- during a 225-day lactation period	295.3
Weight of animals (kg)
	1 to 2 years old (n = 53)	96
	2 to 3 years old (n = 120)	111
	3 to 4 years old (n = 130)	157
	4 to 8 years old (n = 191)	209

Source: Agbemelo (1983).

11.3.1.1.2 Productivity index

Table 5 summarises estimates of the main production traits required to build up a productivity index based on total weight of one year old calves per 100 kg of cow maintained per annum. The index is calculated from data given above and from estimates.

Table 5. Lagune productivity estimates under village conditions.

Cow viability (%)	98 (a)
Calving rate (%)	43
Calf viability to one year (%)	66 (a)
Calf weight at one year (kg)	96
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)	27.5
Cow weight (kg)	157
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg)	17.5

(a) Estimates
Source: Index calculated by authors.

11.3.1.2 SOMBA

Tables 6, 7, 8, 9 and 11 contain data for fecundity and mortality rates and calf weight gain for Somba maintained at CREAT. Avegan (1984) collected data on Somba cow milk production on 25 animals. Total milk yield over a lactation period of 143 ± 6 days was 228.5 ± 22.4 kg.

11.3.1.3 BORGOU

No recent data on Borgou production traits are available.

11.3.1.4 N'DAMA PRODUCTION TRAITS

Data collected at CREAT in 1981 for N'Dama fecundity and mortality rates are given in Table 6 and compared with data for Somba and zebu raised under station conditions.

Table 6. N'Dama, Somba and zebu fecundity and mortality rates under station conditions.

		N'Dama	Somba	Zebu
Fecundity rate (%)		45	72	33
Mortality rate (%)
	0 to 1-year-old carves	13.4	12.9	8.3
	0 to 2-year-old calves	7.4	15.2	10.5
	Adult cows	0.9	1.9	3.5

Source: Grell et al (1982a).

According to Grell et al (1 982a) mean calf weights for N'Dama, Somba and zebu are 108, 106 and 130 kg, respectively.

The main results obtained for weight changes and annual gain for female N'Dama, Somba and zebu studied at CREAT are given in Table 7. The Table indicates that Somba and N'Dama weight gains are higher than that of zebu.

Table 7. Weight changes and annual weight gain of N'Dama, Somba and zebu under station conditions.

Age group years	N'Dama			Somba		Zebu
	(%)	(1) n	kg	n	kg	n	kg
2-3	15	1 574	168	58	164	62	197
4-5	15	251	235	25	253	76	246
5 and over	55	204	260	81	262	91	262
Average weight			236		240		244
Weight gain 2-3 years			48		57		25
3-4 years			19		32		24
4-5 years			25		9		16
Average weight gain/head			13.8		14.7		9.8
Average weight gain/TLU			14.6		15.3		10.0

(1) = Number of weighings.
Source: Grell et al (1982a).

Grell et al (1982b) also studied the weight changes of N'Dama and Somba at the Research and Livestock Breeding Centre at Avetonou. The results are given in Table 8.

Table 8. Weight changes of N'Dama and Somba at CREAT (kg).

	N'Dama			Somba
	n		s/n	n		s/n
Birthweight	1 133	21.2	5.6	104	21.4	5.1
Weight at 120 days (1)	470	67.7	16.1	22	76.0	13.2
Weight at weaning	882	102.2	22.5	58	118.4	28.8
Weight at 360 days (1)	596	106.5	21.4	28	117.1	19.1
Weight at 720 days (1)	455	175.5	32.0	13	167.8	35.6

(1) Weight adjusted for age, based on average daily weight gain between two consecutive weighings.

Source: Grell et al (1982b).

Rudenauer (1982) studied the effect of various types of pasture on N'Dama productivity. The main results of the study, given in Table 9, indicate that the net weight gain and daily weight gain of N'Dama on Panicum/Centrosema are higher than that of N'Dama on natural pastures.

Table 9. N'Dama productivity by station and type of pasture.

	Natural pasture	Panicum/Centrosema
Initial weight (kg) at 330 days	112.87	109.11
Final weight at 974 days	214.05	288.3
Net weight gain (kg)	101.18	160.6
Average daily weight gain (g/d)	157.1	249.4

Source: Rudenauer (1982).

11.3.1.4.1 Productivity index

Productivity index for N'Dama, Somba and Zebu under station conditions calculated from production parameters collected at CREAT in 1981 are given in Table 10. According to the Table, productivity indices for N'Dama and Somba are higher than those of zebu.

Table 10. Productivity estimates for N'Dama, Somba and zebu under station conditions.

Parameter	N'Dama	Breeds Somba	Zebu
Cow viabilty (%)	98.1	97.1	98.3
Calving percentage (%)	61	60	33
Calf viability to one year(%)	94.9	87	92.1
Calf weight at one year (kg)	109.9	142.3	163.4
Productivity index per cow per year (%)	64.2	75.3	50
Cow weight (kg)	236	240	244
Productivity index per 100-kg of cow maintained per year	27.2	31.4	20.5

Source: Grell et al (1982a).

11.3.1.5 WAKWA CROSSES

No recent data could be obtained for this breed.

11.3.1.6 BAOULE

Morkramer and Dekpo (1984) studied the production traits of a herd of Baoulé purchased from Côte d'Ivoire in 1979 and raised under station conditions at the Research and Breeding Centre.

Table 11 shows estimates for the main parameters required to calculate a productivity index giving the total weight of one-year-old calves per 100 kg of cow raised per year. The results obtained for this herd cannot be compared with those given in Table 10.

Table 11. Cattle productivity estimates for Baoulé maintained at CREAT.

Cow viability (%)	99.1
Calving percentage (%)	61
Calf viability to one year (%)	92.4
Calf weight at one year (kg)	77.8
Productivity index per cow per year (kg)	43.5
Cow weight (kg)
Productivity index per 100-kg cow maintained per year (kg)	25.3

Source: Morkramer and Dekpo (1984).

11.3.1.7 ZEBU

In Tables 6, 7 and 10, data on zebu production traits were compared with those for other breeds.

11.3.2 Diseases

A detailed report on the disease situation in Togo was prepared by an FAO preparatory assistance mission to Togo in 1981 (FAO, 1981).

A contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccination campaign was conducted between 1972 and 1975 in Savanes, Kara and Central Regions during which infected animals were eliminated. Since 1975, some combined pleuropneumonia-rinderpest vaccinations have been given, particularly since an emergency rinderpest campaign was launched in 1980 with the assistance of FED and FAO.

A recent serological survey on the scope of brucellosis indicated that 41% of the national herd was infected.

Trypanosomiasis is still endemic in Togo.

11.3.3 Herd management and composition

In 1983, the Project on the Development of Cattle Breeding in Plateaux and Central Regions maintained an estimated 400 head of cattle, including 129 draught animals, in various centres. Between January and September 1983, it supplied various bodies with 836 draught animals.

In 1984, there were 4195 pairs of draught oxen in the country. Distribution by region is given in Table 12.

Table 12. Distribution of draught oxen in Togo, 1984.

Region	Number of pairs	%
Savanes	3 214	76.6
Kara	637	15.2
Central	257	6.1
Plateaux	55	1.3
Maritime	32	0.8
Total	4 195	100

Source: Poats et al (1985).

11.4 Sheep and goats

11.4.1 Breed description
11.4.2 Diseases

11.4.1 Breed description

11.4.1.1 SHEEP PRODUCTION TRAITS

Defly et al (1982) reported a fecundity rate of 90% and a mortality rate of 40% for 0-1 year old lambs and 10% for lambs over 1 year under village conditions. Weights at birth, 1 month, 4 months and adulthood were 1.6, 4.4, 15 and 18 kg, respectively, for females and 2, 5.3, 18 and 26 kg for males.

Data collected by Amegee (1984) at the Agricultural College Farm are given in Table 13. The Table compares production parameters for West African dwarf and Vogan sheep.

Table 13 indicates that the West African dwarf sheep is more prolific than the Vogan.

However, milk yield and birthweight the Vogan are higher.

Table 13. West African dwarf and Vogan production traits.

		West African dwarf	Vogan
Prolificity rate (%)		148.4	145.5
Lambing interval (months)		7.3	7.6
Overall mortality rate (%)		20	25
Birthweight (kg)
Single litter
	- males	1.7	2.7
	- females	1.6	2.6
Twin litter
	- males	1.5	2.5
	- females	1.3	2.3
Milk yield (kg)
Ewe with one lamb		57.4 (in 105 d)	122 (in 124 d)
Ewe with two lambs		86.4 (in 112 d)	184 (in 139 d)

Source: Amegee (1984).

In 1984, the "Togo North" project collected data on production traits of 43 flocks with a total of 14 477 sheep. The results, according to flock management system, appear in Table 14.

Table 14. Production traits for West African dwarf sheep according to flock management system.

Flock management system	Production traits
	C	IT	ECS	PES	I
Annual fecundity rate (%)	120	127	152	148	163
Mortality rate for 0-1 year old (%)	56	29	25	22	15
Adult mortality rate (%)	14	16	5.5	4.6	1.5

(1) T: Control system
IT: Improved traditional management system (preventive and curative treatments, improved housing)
ECS: Extensive communal management system
PES: Extensive individual management system
I: Intensive management system - artificial pastures, night pens, servicing by selected rams.

Source: van Vlaenderen (1984).

11.4.1.1.1 Productivity index

Table 15 summarises estimates for the main production parameters required to calculate a productivity index giving the total birthweight of five-month-old lambs produced per 10 kg of ewe maintained per year. This index is based on data collected under village conditions in an area of low to moderate trypanosomiasis risk.

Table 15. Productivity estimates for West African dwarf sheep under traditional management.

Ewe viability (%)	94.5
Lambing rate (%)	152
Lamb viability to one year (%)	75
Lamb weight at 5 months (kg)	15
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg)	17.6
Ewe weight (kg)	23
Productivity index per 1 kg ewe maintained per year (kg)	7.6

Source: Index calculated by authors.

11.4.1.2 GOAT PRODUCTION TRAITS

Defly et al (1982) compared various production parameters for West African Dwarf goats under traditional management with those obtained under improved management conditions. Table 16 gives the main results of the study.

Table 16. West African Dwarf goat production traits under traditional management and improved management.

Parameter		Traditional management	Improved management
Kidding rate (%)		150	180
Age at first kidding (months)		20	18
Average kidding interval (months)		12	10
Mortality rate (%)
	0-1 year	45	15
	over one year	15	10
Weight (kg) of females at birth		1.0	-
Weight (kg) of females at 1 month		3.0	-
Weight (kg) of females at 4 months		8.5	-
Weight (kg) of females at 6 months		10.0	-
Ewe weight		14.0	-
Weight of males at birth		1.5	-
Weight of males at 1 month		4.0	-
Weight of males at 4 months		11.7	-
Weight of males at 6 months		12.0	-
Weight of males at maturity		17.0	-

Source: Defly et al (1982).

Amegee (1984) recorded an estimated prolificacy rate of 169.6%, and an overall mortality rate of 30%. Birthweights for single- and twin-litter males were 1.16 and 1.14 kg, respectively, and for single- and twin-litter females 1.07 and 0.97 kg, respectively.

11.4.1.2.1 Productivity index

Table 17 shows estimates for production parameters required to calculate a productivity index giving the total weight of five-month-old kids produced per 10 kg of she-goat maintained per year. The index is based on data collected under improved management conditions in areas of low to average tsetse challenge areas.

Table 17. Estimates for West African Dwarf goat productivity maintained under improved management.

Female goat viability (%)	90
Kidding rate (%)	180
Kid viability to one year (%)	85
Kid weight at 5 months (kg)	10
Productivity index per female goat per year (kg)	16.1
Female goat weight (kg)	20 (a)
Productivity index per 10-kg female goat maintained per year (kg)	8

(a) Estimate.
Source: Index calculated by authors.

11.4.2 Diseases

PPR is still endemic and a major problem particularly in Maritime Region. The disease is rapidly fatal in young animals and the constraint to small ruminant production justifies the need for regular vaccination campaigns (FAO, 1981).

Numerous parasitic diseases such as helminthiasis and coccidiosis mange bloodsucking ectoparasites (ticks and fleas) also pose major problems (FAO, 1984).

In 1982-83, as part of the Atakpamé Small Ruminants Project, 200 219 internal deworming treatments and 77 444 external deworming treatments 121 974 vaccinations against peste des petite ruminants (Pessinaba, 1984).

Mawuena (1985) showed that although West African dwarf sheep and goats are trypanotolerant, their survival in the tsetse-infested areas, especially in highly infested areas, is at the cost of their health. T. vivax infection caused anaemia, delayed growth or weight loss.

A study carried out at Sokode showed that 5.9% of sheep and 6.5% of goats were infected by Trypanosoma (ILCA, 1986).

11.5 Research and development activities

11.5.1 Research centres
11.5.2 Multiplication herds

11.5.1 Research centres

The two research centres mentioned in Volume 2 of this study continue their work on trypanotolerant livestock in Togo. Their activities are described in Table 18.

Table 18. Research centres.

Name	Avetonou Livestock Production and Research Centre
Location	Avetonou, 100 km from Lomé
Breeds and numbers	2190 head comprised of 1035 N'Dama, 487 local breed, 213 zebu, 107 Baoulé and 384 crossbreds (as at 31/3/86)
Objectives	Research on the selection of N'dama, trypanotolerance heritability, the effect of supplementary feed and lysozymes on trypanotolerant cattle will continue till 1988. New objectives are crossbreeding between the local N'Dama, zebu and Somba; distribution of draught animals and continuous experiments extension work
External aid	GTZ
Name	Agricultural College
Organisation responsible	University of Benin
Objectives	Improvement of different food crop varieties in Togo combined with sheep production.

Sources: Assogbakpe (1985); CREAT/GTZ (1986).

As part of the activities of the African Trypanotolerant Livestock Network and in collaboration with ILCA and ILRAD, CREAT carries out studies in Avetonou and at the Regional Directorate for Rural Development, Sokodo Central Region, on trypanotolerant cattle production traits and productivity, trypanosoma infection rate and tsetse infestation rate (ILCA, 1986).

11.5.2 Multiplication herds

A number of stations in the country maintain small herds of cattle, sheep and goats. The most recent on these data stations are given in Table 19.

Table 19. Multiplication herds.

Name	Adele ranch
Size	60 000 ha of which 56 000 are usable; stocking rate of 15 600 TLU
Breeds and numbers	2734 Somba and N'Dama in 1986
Objectives	Improving the local breed through the use of N'Dama bulls. Crossbreeding programme to produce 7300 pairs of draught oxen in 20 years. Introduction of crossbreds into the traditional livestock production system
External aid	EEC
Name	Borgou ranch
Location	Savanes Region
Size	48 700 ha
Breeds and numbers	Capacity for 15 000 head. The ranch has not yet commenced operations
Objectives	Somba and N'Dama crossbreeding programme Introduction of crossbreds obtained in the traditional system to improve the stock.
External aid	Undetermined
Name	Dako ranch
Location	Central Region
Size	23 500 ha
Breeds and numbers	Capacity for 5000 head of which 2000 will be obtained from Borgou ranch, 2000 from village herds and 1000 produced on the ranch itself. The ranch has not yet commenced operations
Objectives	Production of beef cattle, distribution of draught animals and Shorthorn crosses
External aid	To be decided
Name	"Béna Development" ranch. Germano-Togolese Mixed Economy Company established in 1972
Size	130 developed hectares
Numbers	The ranch has a sheep farm and in 1984 maintained a herd of 1290 head of cattle
Objectives	Production and marketing of ranch produce
Name	Kolokopé Station
Numbers	Estimated at 1994 sheep in 1986, of which 1267 were ewes and 727 were rams
Size	125 ha
Objective	Multiplication, selection and introduction under traditional production system
External aid	FAC

Source: Vallerand (1983); Addeh (1985); Lopez (1986).

Data on other small multiplication centres are given in Table 20.

Table 20. Other multiplication centres.

Name	Situation	Remarks
Nassablé Station	Savanna Region	54 N'Dama
Na Station	Central Region	Local breed
Dzogbegan Monastery	Dayes Region	Local breed and 66 Wakwa crossbreds
Dayes-Apeyiné Centre	Plateau Region	Local breed
Tove Agricultural Institute	Plateau Region	30 N'Dama
Adeta Multipurpose Centre	Plateau Region	Local breed

Source: Directorate of Veterinary and Animal Health Services (1984).

11.5.3 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

The following development projects are in progress in Togo:

· The "North Togo Integrated Development Programme" to extend work oxen production and constitute a cattle and small ruminants herd traditional farmers to supply with nucleus herds. Phase 3 of this project is currently being implemented (1981-1986).

Funding is provided by UNDP. A small ruminant development project undertaken as part of an FAO technical Cooperation Programme was integrated into the above project in 1981.

· Work oxen development project (PROPTA, formerly PRODEBO). This project was begun in 1977 to coordinate all national work oxen activities. Its objective is to train 6000 pairs of oxen and supply other centres with work oxen and draught equipment. It also provides training for trainers from institutions involved in work oxen and supplies other projects with veterinary products.

· "Small Ruminants" Project. This project was launched in 1980 with funding provided by EEC to set up The Kolokopé Support Centre. Its activities, particularly in the field of animal health, were strengthened in 1985 with funds provided by USAID. A research and extension component was introduced in 1983 at Kolokopé Station. This component will be funded by FAC till 1987.

Recent data on the Agricultural Pilot Project are unavailable.

A preparatory FAO assistance mission to the Togolese Government (FAO, 1981) identified three livestock development projects:

· Strengthening Veterinary services by setting up diagnostic laboratories and a veterinary pharmacy

· Establishment of a national work oxen support centre

· Livestock products marketing improvement programme.

However, funding is still being sought for the above projects.

11.6 Selected bibliography

Addeh K 1985. Country report: Togo. Presented at the first meeting to coordinate the activities in West Africa of the Programme for the Control of African Animal Trypanosomiasis and Related Development held in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Agbemelo K 1983. Contribution to the study of local cattle breeds in Togo: The Lagune breed. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Bamako, Mali.

Amegee Y.1984. Quelques potentialités zootechniques des ovins et caprins du Togo. Report presented at the "Journées techniques de réflexions sur l'élevage et la protection sanitaire des petite ruminants au Togo" held in Lome, Togo and organised by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Assogbakpe F. 1985. Consultation mission on the marketing and multiplication of trypanotolerant cattle. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Avegan D K. 1984. Etude des aptitudes de la race bovine Somba, importance de son élevage au Togo. Thesis, Diploma in Applied Science. Institut polytechnique rural de Katibougou, Mali. 73 pp.

CREAT/GTZ (Centre de recherche et d'élevage, Avetenou, Togo/German Agency for Technical Cooperation).1986. Rapport annuel 11, 1985-1986. CREAT, Togo. 62 pp.

Defly A and Handlos M. 1982. Introduction des petite ruminants dans les villages. CREAT (Centre de recherche et d'élevage, Avetonou, Togo), Togo.

Direction des services vétérinaires et de la santé animale, Togo. 1984. Rapport annuel 1984. Togo. 59 pp.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1981. Mission d'assistance préparatoire au Gouvernement de la République togolaise. FAO, Rome, Italy.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1984. Proceedings of the "Journées techniques de réflexion sur l'élevage et la protection sanitaire des petite ruminants au Togo" held in Lome, Togo and organised by FAO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. Formulation Mission: Trypanosomiasis control in the Niger River Basin. FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Grell H, Freitas E K, Dekpo K and Johnson B. 1982a. Productivité des races N'Dama, Taurin - race locale, Zébu Peul et leurs croisements en station. CREAT (Centre de recherche et d'élevage, Avetonou Togo), Togo.

Grell H, Schlote W, Morkrammer G, and Johnson B. 1982b. L'évolution pondérale des N'dama, race locale et croisements. CREAT (Centre de recherche et d'élevage, Avetonou Togo), Togo.

ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. The ILCA/ILRAD trypanotolerance network. Situation report, December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeting held at ILCA, Nairobi. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.

Lopez G. 1986. Assistance technique a la CEBV concernant l'identification d'activités d'intêret communautaire en matière de production animale et de recherche zootechnique. FAO project GCP/RAF/191/ITA. Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Mawuena K and Mensan K. 1981. Distribution of Glossines in Southern Togo. In: Karbe E and Freitas E K (eds), Trypanotolerance and animal production. GTZ/CREAT publication. pp. 6-9.

Mawuena et al. 1985. L'infection trypanosomienne chez les petite ruminants Djallonké des Régions sud-guinéennes du sud-ouest du Togo. Trypanotolérance et production animale. GTZ/CREAT publication 4.

Morkramer G and Dekpo K. 1984. Characteristics of a Boualé herd. In: Freitas E K and Fimmen H O (eds), Trypanotolerance and animal production. GTZ/CREAT publication 3. pp. 52 60.

Pessinaba Y I. 1984. Projet Petits Ruminants: Elevage traditional des petite ruminants - voies d'amélioration. Report to the "Journées techniques de réflexion sur l'élevage et la protection des petite ruminants au Togo" held in Lome and organised by FAO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Poats S V, Lichte J, Oxley J, Russo S L and Starkey P H. 1985. Animal traction in a farming systems perspective: A Farming Systems Support Project Networkshop, March 3-8, 1985, Kara, Togo. FSSP Network Report 1. FSSP (Farming Systems Support Project), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. 187 pp.

Rudenauer M. 1982. Production de viande de bovine trypanotolérants en savane guinéenne d'Afrique occidentale. GTZ (German Society for Technical Coorperation), Eschborn, Germany. 344 pp.

Vallerand F. 1983. Report on a mission to West Africa (Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations), Rome, Italy.

Van Vlaenderen. 1983. Etude comparative de différents systèmes d'élevage ovin dans la région de la Kara. Projet Nord-Togo. Ministère du Développement rural, Togo.

Yaovi A. 1984. Tentatives de développement de l'élevage bovin dans la région des Plateaux du Togo. Thesis for a degree in Applied Science. Institut Polytechnique rural de Katibougou, Mali.

11.7 Major changes since 1977

The cattle population increased slightly daring the study period while the goat population remained stagnant and the sheep population dropped significantly (-22%).

Cattle production developed much more rapidly in Kara region and the population doubled between 1976 and 1984. However, there was no significant change in the distribution by breed. The most significant changes are in the numbers of Lagune which continue to decrease and of Borgou, which increased slightly compared to other breeds. Comprehensive data on the performance of the Lagune under village conditions were collected and analysed in 1983.

The most spectacular results obtained during the past 10 years were in the development of work oxen and in the support to, and improvement of sheep production.

The CREAT's mandate was recently reviewed and the emphasis is currently on the production of work oxen and no longer on trypanotolerance. The 10-year research programme on trypanotolerance heritability will continue into 1988 in order to complete the 10 years initially planned.