13.1 Background
13.2 Livestock numbers and distribution
13.3 Cattle
13.4 Sheep and goats
13.5 Research and development activities
13.6 Selected bibliography
13.7 Major changes since 1977
The Federal Livestock Department (FLD) is currently responsible for the planning, management, evaluation and coordination of animal health programmes.
The National Livestock Project Unit (NLPU) and the River Basin Rural Development Authorities are in charge of implementing FLD's guidelines. The Federal Department of Pest Control Services is responsible for tsetse eradication and control.
The Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR) carries out research on the tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis.
Research on livestock production and diseases is still conducted in universities.
Data on the human and animal populations of the country are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Human and animal populations of Nigeria, 1985.
|
Human population (1985) | ||
|
|
- number |
96 000 000 |
|
|
- density |
104/km² |
|
Animal population (1985) | ||
|
|
- cattle |
10 900 000 |
|
|
- sheep |
22 300 000 |
|
|
- goat |
9 500 000 |
Source: For human population, official projections (+2.5%) from 1963 census, quoted by Shaw (1985). For animal population projections (+ 1.5% for cattle and +2.85 for sheep and goats) from the data of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture (1981).
Species found are: for the palpalis group G. tachinoides which is found in the north-east, G. palpalis palpalis, G. pallicera pallicera and G. caligena. Of the morsitans group, G. longipalpis is found in the south. The area of distribution of G. morsitans submorsitans in the north is gradually shrinking with the destruction of its habitat by the extension of arable land. As for the fusca group, G. fusca, G. tabaniformis, G. nigrofusca, G. medicorum and G. haningtoni species are found all over the country (Putt et al, 1980; Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division, 1960 78).
Recent data on the study area presented in Volume II are unavailable. The only data currently available are for cattle, sheep and goat populations in the nine states of Southern Nigeria (Akinwumi and Ikpi, 1985).
In 1984, the cattle population of the nine states was 306 970 heads with the trypanotolerant cattle population standing at about 67 000 head. Distribution of the cattle population in the nine southern States of Nigeria is given in Table 2.
Table 2. Distribution of cattle in the nine southern Nigerian States.
|
State |
Trypanotolerant cattle |
Trypanosusceptible cattle |
Total |
|||
|
Number |
% |
Number |
% |
Number |
% |
|
|
Ogun |
6 621 |
35.79 |
11 879 |
64.21 |
18 500 |
6.03 |
|
Ondo |
6 486 |
39.21 |
10 056 |
60.79 |
16 542 |
5.39 |
|
Oyo |
25 211 |
18.00 |
114 843 |
82.00 |
140 054 |
45.62 |
|
Lagos |
3 947 |
70.52 |
1 650 |
29.48 |
5 597 |
1.82 |
|
Bendel |
1 984 |
5.76 |
32 448 |
94.24 |
34 432 |
11.22 |
|
Anambra |
12 239 |
34.17 |
23 583 |
65.83 |
35 821 |
11.67 |
|
Imo |
7 715 |
37.99 |
12 591 |
62.01 |
20 306 |
6.62 |
|
Rivers |
471 |
17.54 |
2 214 |
82.46 |
2 685 |
0.87 |
|
Cross River |
2 658 |
8.05 |
30 375 |
91.95 |
33 033 |
10.76 |
|
S. Nigeria |
67 332 |
21.93 |
239 639 |
78.07 |
306 970 |
100.00 |
Source: State Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Department files and survey, September 1984 quoted by Akinwumi and Ikpi (1985).
The 1984 distribution of trypanotolerant cattle by breed in the nine States studied is shown in Table 3. Oyo State, where the main N'Dama-producing ranches are located, has about 25 000 head of trypanotolerant cattle and Anambra State some 12 000 head of trypanotolerant Muturu.
Kwara and Gongola States, which are not included in Tables 2 and 3, also possess trypanotolerant cattle. There are 53 000 Keteku and 40 000 Muturu cattle in Kwara State and 40 000 head of trypanotolerant cattle in Gongola State (RIM, 1984).
The total trypanotolerant population is estimated at about 200 000, including 26 000 N'Dama, 53 000 Savannah Muturu, 26 000 Forest Muturu and 95 000 Keteku. Recent data on Benue State are unavailable.
Sheep and goat distribution by State is given in Table 4 for 1981, the last year for which data by State are available.
Table 4. Sheep and goat distribution by state, 1981.
|
State |
Goat |
Sheep |
|
Anambra |
400 000 |
250 000 |
|
Bauchi |
1 500 000 |
600 000 |
|
Bendel |
450 000 |
100 000 |
|
Benue |
900 000 |
250 000 |
|
Borno |
2 250 000 |
950 000 |
|
Cross Rivers |
450 000 |
100 000 |
|
Gongola |
850 000 |
300 000 |
|
Imo |
300 000 |
150 000 |
|
Kaduna |
2 600 000 |
1 000 000 |
|
Kano |
4 450 000 |
1 800 000 |
|
Kwara |
600 000 |
150 000 |
|
Lagos |
50 000 |
- |
|
Niger |
750 000 |
450 000 |
|
Ogun |
400 000 |
150 000 |
|
Onda |
450 000 |
200 000 |
|
Oyo |
1 100 000 |
500 000 |
|
Plateau |
1 600 000 |
200 000 |
|
Rivers |
150 000 |
50 000 |
|
Sokoto |
1 950 000 |
135 000 |
|
Total |
21 250 000 |
7 335 000 |
Source: Federal Ministry of Agriculture (1981).
13.3.1 Breed description
13.3.2 Diseases
13.3.3 Herd management
13.3.1.1 MUTURU
Table 5 gives some data on Muturu production traits.
13.3.1.2 N'DAMA
The most recent data available on N'Dama production traits were collected by Robert and Gray in 1973 and quoted in Volume II. Various production parameters for N'Dama, Muturu and zebu under station conditions are compared in Table 5.
Table 5. N'Dama, Muturu and zebu production traits.
|
|
N'Dama |
Muturu |
Zebu | |
|
Age at first calving (d) |
684 (n=3) |
635 (n=6) |
761 (n=9) | |
|
Carving interval (d) |
363 (n=12) |
350 (n=12) |
403 (n=8) | |
|
Weight at birth (kg) - male |
18.1 |
13.7 |
26.5 | |
|
Weight at birth (kg) - female |
15.9 |
13.9 |
22.7 | |
|
|
3 months - male |
54.6 |
38.9 |
78 |
|
|
3 months - female |
54.3 |
37.5 |
77.5 |
|
|
6 months - male |
- |
71.2 |
130.3 |
|
|
6 months - female |
92.1 |
61.5 |
128.6 |
|
|
9 months - male |
119.3 |
98.1 |
178.2 |
|
|
9 months - female |
112.4 |
82.5 |
165.0 |
|
|
12 months - male |
137.4 |
108.1 |
206.7 |
|
|
12 months - female |
124.6. |
93.5 |
193.2 |
|
|
15 months - male |
166.7 |
123.3 |
225.0 |
|
|
15 months - female |
152.9 |
94.4 |
221.8 |
|
|
18 months - male |
191.7 |
147.2 |
251.7 |
|
|
18 months - female |
165.8 |
110.0 |
234.3 |
|
Cow weight (kg) | ||||
|
|
1-2 years |
181 |
109 |
282 |
|
|
2-3 years |
216 |
145 |
300 |
|
|
3-4 years |
252 |
167 |
323 |
|
|
4-5 years |
270 |
177 |
331 |
|
|
5-6 years |
275 |
204 |
374 |
Source: Roberts and Gray (1973).
The N'Dama and Muturu breeds mature earlier and have a shorter calving interval than zebu breeds. However, zebu breeds gain weight faster.
13.3.1.3 KETEKU
Recent data on Keteku production traits are unavailable. Estimates of major production parameters, based on data given in Volume II, and a productivity index giving total weight of one-year-old calves per 100 kg of cow maintained per year are given in Table 6.
Table 6. Keteku productivity estimates.
|
Adult female viability (%) |
97.8 |
|
Calving rate (%) |
65 |
|
Calf viability to 1 year (%) |
95.8 |
|
Weight of 1-year-old calves (kg) |
140 (a) |
|
Milked-out yield (kg) |
50 (a) |
|
Productivity index per cow per year (kg) |
93.6 |
|
Adult female weight (kg) |
295 |
|
Productivity index per 100 kg of cow maintained per year (kg) |
31.7 |
(a) Estimates
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
13.3.1.4 N'DAMA X KETEKU CROSSBREDS
No recent data were available on this crossbred.
13.3.1.5 ZEBU
Some zebu production traits are compared in Table 5 with those for N'Dama and Keteku.
Cases of suspected rinderpest were reported during the latter part of 1982 and a vaccination programme launched in May 1983. New outbreaks were reported in Ganye region and Gongola States in 1984 (RIM, 1984).
In 1986, Nigeria received FAO assistance under a project entitled "Strenghthening of Technical Basis for Rinderpest Vaccine Production". The objective of the project was to improve vaccine production at the National Veterinary Research Institute.
The main trypanosomiasis vectors are still T. vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei. The effect of trypanosomiasis on N'Dama, Keteku and Muturu is indicated in a study carried out by Ilemobade in 1981 (Ilemobade 1981).
Three livestock management systems were discussed in the previous study. In the present study, Akinwumi and Ikpi (1985) have chosen to describe five systems.
13.3.3.1 FREE-ROAMING
Here, management input is minimal although some supplements are given. The reported calving rate of 86% is the highest in the five systems. This is due to the fact that animals can graze freely after the harvest choosing from a wider variety of feeds (maize, cassava etc). Furthermore, breeding is not controlled.
However, cattle run greater risks under this type of management system (rustling, snake bites, other accidents) and often turn wild. This management system is found mainly in Bendel, Ogun, Ondo and Rivers States.
13.3.3.2 FAMILY HUSBANDRY
Animals are tethered close to the house where they can be watched. This system is found in all states except Bendel State. Calving rates are about 56%.
13.3.3.3 COMMUNAL MANAGEMENT
Cattle belonging to various owners in a village are herded together. The system, found mainly in Ondo State, was developed in certain regions to minimise damage to crops by cattle and prevent conflicts between farmers and cattle owners.
This system has being largely responsible for the conservation of the Muturu. Calving rates are relatively high (72%).
13.3.3.4 RANGELANDS ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
This type of management is the most widely practiced in all nine States. The animals are herded in well defined areas. This system is regarded as a first step towards a ranching system. In eastern Nigeria, rangelands were fenced for use as pastures. A significant number of young oxen are maintained for fattening and marketing purposes.
This management system is practiced by numerous Fulani and zebu cattle owners in Oyo, Ogun and Ondo States. The calving rate of 29% is the lowest in the five systems.
13.3.3.5 RANCHING
This is an intensive production system. Each ranch maintains numerous pastures divided into fenced paddocks to ensure controlled grazing. Several ranches have improved pastures.
The main objectives of these ranches are breeding, fattening and marketing. The calving rates of about 35% are relatively low.
13.4.1 Breed description
13.4.2 Diseases
13.4.3 Herd management
13.4.1.1 SHEEP PRODUCTION TRAITS
A study made by Upton (1985) provides reliable data on production traits for West African dwarf sheep under village conditions. The main results of the study are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Production traits for West African dwarf sheep under village conditions.
|
Average litter size |
1.23 | |
|
Parturition interval (d) |
322 | |
|
Annual reproduction rate =(a x 365):b |
1.44 | |
|
Survival rate to 3 months |
0.84 | |
|
Survival rate between 3 and 12 months |
0.83 | |
|
Survival rate between 0 and 12 months |
0.7 | |
|
Lambing rate: |
0.98 | |
|
|
- lamb survival to 12 months = c x f |
|
|
Liveweight at 12 months (kg) |
19.7 | |
|
Breeding herd mortality |
0.16 | |
Source: Upton (1985); Sum berg and Cassaday (1985).
13.4.1.1.1 Productivity index
Table 8 summarises the estimates of the main production parameters required to compute a productivity index giving the total weight of 5-month-old lambs produced per 10 kg of ewe maintained per year. This productivity index is based on the data in Table 7 collected by Upton (1985).
Table 8. Sheep productivity estimates.
|
Ewe viability (%) |
94 |
|
Lambing rate (%) |
144 |
|
Lamb viability to 1 year (%) |
70 |
|
Lamb weight at 5 months |
10 (a) |
|
Productivity index per ewe per year (kg) |
10.4 |
|
Ewe weight (kg) |
20 |
|
Productivity index per 10 kg of ewe per year (kg) |
5.2 |
(a) Estimate.
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
13.4.1.2 GOAT PRODUCTION TRAITS
Mack et al (1985) conducted research on West African Dwarf goats in Fashola village, 60 km north of Ibadan, Mgbakwu village in Anambra State, and Okwe village in Imo State. The results are given in Table 9.
Table 9. West African Dwarf goat production traits.
|
|
Fashola |
Mgbakwu |
Okwe | |
|
Number of parturitions |
41 |
109 |
57 | |
|
Litter size |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.3 | |
|
Kidding interval (d) |
271 ± 89 |
263 ± 42 |
- | |
|
Number of kids per goat per year |
2.3 |
2.0 |
- | |
|
Monthly kidding percentage |
8.1 |
8.5 |
8.8 | |
|
Kid mortality rate | ||||
|
|
- Overall per month (%) |
2.6 ± 4.4 |
4.4 ± 1.8 |
4.2 ± 2.5 |
|
|
- 0-90 days (%) |
11.1 |
24.8 |
18.6 |
|
Kid weight | ||||
|
|
at 30 days (kg) |
3.5 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
|
|
at 90 days (kg) |
5.7 |
4.7 |
4 |
|
Daily weight gain from 30-90 days (g/d) |
36.6 |
36.6 |
33.3 | |
Source: Mack et al (1985); Sumberg and Cassaday (1985).
13.4.1.2.1 Productivity index
Table 10 summarises the estimates of the main production parameters required to compute a productivity index giving the total weight of 5-month-old kids produced per 10 kg of goat maintained per year. This productivity index is based on data collected under traditional management systems.
Table 10. Goat productivity estimates.
|
Female viability (%) |
80 |
|
Kidding rate (%) |
210 |
|
Kid viability to 1 year (%) |
52 |
|
Kid weight at 5 months (kg) |
7.5 (a) |
|
Productivity index per goat per year (kg) |
9.1 |
|
Goat weight (kg) |
19 (a) |
|
Productivity index per 10 kg of goat maintained per year (kg) |
4.7 |
(a) Estimates
Source: Indices calculated by authors.
Results of research carried out by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) in Badeku and Fashola on blood and gastro-intestinal parasites infestations affecting goats are given in Table 11.
Table 11. Blood and gastro-intestinal parasitic infestation rate in goats.
|
|
Badeku |
Fashola | |
|
Number of observations |
1048 |
1142 | |
|
Blood parasites | |||
|
|
- Trypanosomes (%) |
0.1 |
3.5 |
|
|
- Babesia (%) |
6.8 |
20.4 |
|
|
- Anaplasma (%) |
0.7 |
0.4 |
|
Gastro-intestinal parasites | |||
|
|
- Strongylus (%) |
14.1 |
34.0 |
|
|
- Strongyloids (%) |
10.8 |
17.2 |
|
|
- Moniezia |
10.7 |
9.1 |
|
|
- Coccidia |
6.9 |
26.2 |
Source: ILCA (1986).
In 1973, Fabiye (quoted by Sumberg and Cassaday, 1985) indicated high infestation rates by strongyloides and haemonchus during the rainy season in Zaria. Gaigera, oesophagostomum and trichostrongylus were prevalent during the latter part of the rainy season.
No recent data on herd management are available.
13.5.1 Research centres
13.5.2 Multiplication herds
13.5.3 Development activities
The main research centres are the Universities of Ibadan, If e and Nsukka and the Nigerian Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR). The research centres conduct research on the reproduction, nutrition and health of trypanotolerant cattle.
The International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA) and the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) are conducting research on small ruminants production parameters in Badeku and Fashola, under the African Trypanosomiasis Research Network. ILCA continues to implement its own research programmes in the humid (Ibadan) and subhumid zones (Kaduna).
The total number of cattle raised on government or private ranches in 1984 is given in Table 12.
Table 12. Number of cattle raised by the government and private ranch.
|
State |
Number of government ranches |
Number of cattle |
Number of private ranches |
Number of cattle |
Total number on ranches |
|
Rivers |
2 |
67 |
1 |
124 |
191 |
|
Cross river |
4 |
466 |
8 |
1 473 |
1 939 |
|
Imo |
1 |
386 |
6 |
225 |
611 |
|
Ondo |
3 |
2 432 |
36 |
17 290 |
19 722 |
|
Anambra |
1 |
447 |
3 |
371 |
818 |
|
Bendel |
3 |
143 |
4 |
352 |
495 |
|
Lagos |
- |
- |
22 |
2 019 |
2 019 |
|
Oyo |
7 |
6 876 |
457 |
75 565 |
82 441 |
|
Ogun |
4 |
511 |
88 |
9 127 |
9 638 |
Source: Cattle survey, Nigeria, September 1984. Quoted by Akinwumi and Ikpi (1985).
Recent data on six multiplication centres are given in Table 13. Akunnu and Imeko ranches were not mentioned in the previous study.
Table 13. Multiplication herds.
|
Name: |
Upper Ogun Ranch |
|
Location: |
Oyo State, 50 km west of Oyo |
|
Organisation responsible: |
Western Livestock Company (WLC), Ibadan |
|
Size |
10 522 ha |
|
Breeds and numbers |
2258 N'Dama in 1984 |
|
Objectives |
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock for distribution to other ranches. |
|
Name |
Fashola Stock Farm |
|
Location |
Oyo State, 50 km west of Oyo |
|
Organisation responsible |
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ibadan |
|
Size |
550 ha |
|
Breeds and numbers |
620 N'Dama, Keteku and crossbreds in 1985 |
|
Objectives |
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock. The ranch also serves as a transit station for imported animals. |
|
Name |
Ogboro ranch |
|
Location |
Oyo State, 150 km north of Oyo |
|
Organisation responsible |
WLC, Ibadan |
|
Size |
1864 ha |
|
Breeds and numbers |
1646 N'Dama in 1984 |
|
Objectives |
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock. |
|
Name |
Akunnu ranch |
|
Location |
Ondo State, 70 km east of Ado-Ekiti |
|
Organisation responsible |
WLC, Ibadan |
|
Size |
8094 ha |
|
Breeds and numbers |
1652 N'Dama in 1984 |
|
Objectives |
N'Dama multiplication and production of breeding stock. In future the ranch will supply breeding stock to other ranches. |
|
Name |
Oko-Ako Ranch |
|
Location |
Ondo State, 90 km north-east of Ado-Ekiti |
|
Organisation responsible |
WLC, Ibadan |
|
Size |
10 025 ha |
|
Breed and number |
455 N'Dama, Keteku and crossbreeds in 1984 |
|
Objectives |
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock. |
|
Name |
Imeko Ranch |
|
Location |
Ogun State, 90 km northeast of Abeokuta |
|
Organisation responsible |
WLC, Ibadan |
|
Size |
4000 ha |
|
Breeds and numbers |
200 N'Dama from Upper Ogun Ranch in 1985 |
|
Objectives |
N'Dama multiplication, production of breeding stock. The ranch was built up in 1983 and started operation in 1984. In the future, the ranch may be used for fattening activities. |
|
External aid |
All WLC ranches receive financial aid from the World Bank and the Western Livestock Company. |
Source: Shaw (1985).
Recent data on other multiplication herds described in the previous study are not available.
Few additional data on development projects involving trypanotolerant cattle were available. As part of its activities, ILCA, in collaboration with IITA, has developed a fodder bank system with a view to increasing livestock production output. A number of these banks have been established since 1980 including several in Plateau, Niger, Benue and Gongola States, that is in places where trypanotolerant animals are also to be found (von Kaufmann, 1986).
Akinwumi J A and Ikpi T E. 1985. Trypanptolerant cattle production in Southern Nigeria. Report submitted to ILCA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 31 pp.
Federal Livestock Department, Nigeria. 1976/77 and 1977/78. Nineteenth and 20th Annual Report of the Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division. Layon Graphic Press, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Nigeria. 1981. The Green Revolution. A livestock production plan for Nigeria - Final report. Green Revolution National Committee, Lagos, Nigeria. 236 pp.
Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Nigeria. 1982. Annual report. Lagos, Nigeria.
Hill D H. 1976. Trypanosomiasis in N'Dama and White Fulani heifers exposed to natural infection on a ranch in Western Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 24(2):117-124.
Ikede B O. 1981. The understanding of the pathological effects of trypanosomiasis in ruminants as a basis for diagnosis. In: Ilemobade A A (ed), Proceedings of the First National Conference on Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research in Nigeria. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. pp. 96-107.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1984. Livestock production in the subhumid zone of West Africa. A regional review. ILCA Systems Study 2. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 184 pp.
ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa). 1986. The ILCA/ILRAD Trypanotolerance Network Situation report December 1985. Proceedings of a network meeting held at ILCA, Nairobi. ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 98 pp.
Ilemobade A A. 1981. Research in the field of animal trypanosomiasis in Nigeria: an overview. In: Ilemobade AA (ed), Proceedings of the First National Conference on Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Research in Nigeria. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 333 pp.
von Kaufmann R, Chater S and Blench R (eds). 1986. Livestock systems research in Nigeria's subhumid zone. Proceedings of the Second ILCA/NAPRI Symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 29 October-2 November 1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 484 pp.
Mack S D, Sumberg J E and Okali C. 1985. Small ruminant production under pressure: The example of goats in southeast Nigeria. In: Sumberg J E and Cassaday K (eds), Sheep and goats in humid West Africa Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa held in Ibadan, Nigeria, 23-26 January 1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 47-52.
OAU/FAO/UNEP (Organization of African Unity/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/United Nations Environment Programme). 1983. Second OAU Expert Committee Meeting on Animal Genetic Resources in Africa. 24-28 November 1983, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. OAU/STRC/IBAR/Publication. Nairobi, Kenya. 155 pp.
Olutogun O. 1976. Reproductive performance and growth of N'Dama and Keteku cattle under ranching conditions in the Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. PhD thesis, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 127 pp.
Olutogun S. 1983. The breeding productivity and adaptability of trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle of tropical Africa. 22nd Expert Committee Meeting on Animal Genetic Resources in Africa. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
Putt S N H. Shaw A P M, Matthewman R W, Bourn D M, Underwood M, James A D, Hallam M J and Ellis P R. 1980. The social and economic implications of trypanosomiasis control. A study of its impact on livestock production and rural development in northern Nigeria. University of Reading, Reading, UK. 549 pp.
RIM (Resource Inventory and Management Limited). 1984. Livestock and land use in Southern Gongola State, Nigeria. Final Report, Volume II. Main text. 169 pp.
Roberts C J and Gray A R. 1973. Studies on trypanosome resistant cattle: the breeding and growth performance of N'Dama, Zebu and Muturu cattle maintained under the same conditions of husbandry. Tropical Animal Health and Production 5:211-219.
Shaw A. 1985. Consultation mission on trypanotolerant livestock and multiplication of trypanotolerant livestock. FAO project GCP/RAF/190/ITA, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Sumberg J E and Cassaday (eds). 1985. Sheep and goats in humid West Africa Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, held in Ibadan, Nigeria, 23-26 January 1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 74 pp.
Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Division. 1960-1978. Annual reports. Federal Livestock Department, Kaduna, Nigeria.
Upton M. 1985. Models of improved production systems for small ruminants. In: Sumberg J E and Cassaday K (eds). Sheep and goats in humid West Africa Proceedings of the Workshop on Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, held in Ibadan, Nigeria, 23-26 January 1984. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 55-67.
World Bank Animal Review. 1981. Mission. Livestock Production Plan for Nigeria.
The total trypanotolerant cattle population, which nowadays is only 200 000 head declined significantly by almost a third during the study period. However, the N'Dama population increased from 15 000 to 20 000 head, as opposed to the other breeds which declined in a similar proportion. A special programme on the N'Dama breed is being implemented. In this regard, an estimated 5000 head were imported in the 1980s (Hoste and Shaw, 1987). Research activities carried out by ILCA, in collaboration with universities and other research bodies under the humid and subhumid zone programmes have provided important data on the productivity of trypanotolerant cattle and sheep breeds.
The government is currently exerting major efforts to develop N'Dama production in the southern States. Taking into account the current attractive pricing policy in the livestock sector, it is likely that some private producers will import N'Dama breeding stock for N'Dama production in the near future.
