10. Working session V: Development of the monitoring and evaluation framework

The last day was used to frame and structure the identified groups of constraints and solutions in a three-phase model, i.e. the Initial Phase, the Intermediate Phase and Phase III. Whether such a division was necessary or useful was much debated. The group felt that such a process had a continuous character and that some activities would have to be repeated constantly, some would have to be done only once and others repeated until a certain level of will had been reached. It was also pointed out that even when such a level had been reached training and continuous upgrading would be needed to assure continuity of the process. The tables at the end of this chapter provide the complete plan, as discussed during the consultation.

In this regard the need for indicators was discussed. These indicators should provide the status of the decentralization process for the activities and the different areas of action. They also should assist in identifying whether the fisherfolk’s group or the government entity would be ready to implement the next step or phase.

Lastly, the group worked on the general statement capping these proceedings.

PHASE I: INITIAL STAGE
ACTIONS	CONSTRAINTS	ACTIVITIES (Solutions)
Organization
Define/describe communities Meet & bring people together Activity planning	Heterogeneous composition of people - Ethnic - Gender - Interest - Religion - Language - Economic status - etc.	Respect/recognize differences Use existing governance structures where appropriate Observe gender sensitivity Use simple language Use national/official language or local dialect (if needed) Ensure and support participation of relevant stakeholders Find common ground
	Lack of trained personnel to define communities	Provide assistance for training Ask assistance for training Ask proper agency/organization for assistance Facilitate trainers’ training
	Lack of political will at community level	Identify key person(s)/leader(s) with access to the group Try to convince key person/leader Key person/leader has to convene the community
	Lack/scarcity of skilled leader (inappropriate type & style)	Community has exclusive responsibility & should elect a different leader
	Lack of formal education/skills/knowledge	Assist in basic education
	Low cohesiveness	Socialization events Initiate community projects
	Mobility between sectors/regions	Identify movement patterns
	Lack of confidence	Socialization events
	Lack of awareness	Information drives through media (TV, radio, poster, fliers, etc)
	Difficulty in internal communication	Channelling communication through key persons (religious, local leaders, community elders)
Contents
Collect baseline information Identify stake-holders’ needs Identify constraints/limitations Identify opportunities, incentives & options for management Build upon traditional knowledge	Lack of manpower - Skilled persons to identify management options - Skilled persons to identify baseline information - Quality/quantity personnel	Identification of village-based facilitators to be employed and trained by local government and community groups Government commitment to employ, train and post required staff to each location
	Lack of logistics at various levels (e.g. organization, transport, finance, basic amenities)	Prioritization of requirement should be promoted by community in consultation with concerned agencies. Planning, programming and budgeting must be strongly committed Involvement of NGOs, IOs and other interested organizations (local governments, fisherfolk, fishermen’s groups) to facilitate the process of decentralized fisheries management (DFM)
	Lack of identification of required information	Development of guidelines (information required, collecting methods) by government agencies and community for the use of governments and communities
	Social insensitivity of some scientists	Multidisciplinary approach (national and international levels) Promoting exposure to local conditions
	Poor awareness/responsibility on the part of stakeholders	Provide sufficient incentives to encourage responsible management by concerned agencies
	Lack of recognition/integration for indigenous/traditional/local knowledge	Include indigenous/traditional/local knowledge in training and education as well as in the guidelines for community-based natural resource management from local to national levels
	Reluctance to share indigenous/traditional/local knowledge	Demonstrate the benefits of improving communication and information exchange (e.g. through exhibition) among all sectors by local governments, community groups, academics and NGOs
	Problem of size (geographical, people, etc)	Work with community to devise workable solution by the local governments and community groups involved
	Lack of livelihood ideas/opportunities/skills	Work with several agencies to identify options
	Lack of methodology	Develop through pilot activities and prepare guidelines by concerned agencies and/or donors
Legal
Identify/define rights & duties Recognize the legal system Provide legal assistance/support & enforcement	Lack of appropriate legislative framework & legislation	Study existing legislation Amend or initiate/make new legislation
	Lack of legal literacy/skills - Manpower/operationally - Intellectually/substantively	Prepare training material Organize training
	Lack of consultation mechanisms (legitimate or otherwise) - Design - Implement	Set up consultation mechanisms
	Misunderstandings of rights, duties and responsibilities	Education
	Lack of recognition of customary law	Incorporate relevant customary norms that reinforce community values, sustainability and equitable distribution into decision making
	Unavailability of customary law	Compile customary laws
	Too broad/ill-defined fisheries policy leading to conflicting interpretation	Clarify and streamline policies Educate
	Inadequate enforcement mechanisms - Information provision - Consultation - Clear penal provisions - Principle of fairness	Establish & promote information provision Establish & promote consultation Establish & promote clear penal provisions Establish & promote principle of fairness
Process
Maintaining cooperative spirit Facilitate conflict resolution Communicate & facilitate, translating & listening, transfer/exchange of knowledge	Lack of facilitation skills/few facilitators	Provision of training for trainers
	Lack of common understanding (due to different concepts)	Develop glossary Communicate, discuss, interact
	Lack of common language	Select the trainers knowledgeable in the local language Consider using interpreters
	Poor compliance with rules/norms	Identify underlying reasons for non-compliance and take necessary action, e.g. promote awareness and strengthen enforcement of rules and regulations
	Lack of community participation in formulating rules and regulations	Ensure full participation of community in formulating rules
	Too many provocateurs	Recommend involvement of provocateurs in the whole process
	Lack of flexibility	Facilitate regular review of the process (negotiation, collaboration, etc)
	Inability to accept limitation	Provide clear understanding of the issues of the process from the beginning
	Lack of accountability	Create accountability mechanisms Transparent mechanisms
	Lack of courage to act despite the limitations	Provide authority and responsibility to the community leader to act despite the limitations
Training
Training on - environment, - techniques, - management, - resource utilization, - marketing, - productivity enhancement, etc	Lack of trained personnel, Manpower Quality	Trainer capacity building
	Lack of logistics - Financial - Facilities - Materials	Provide finance Provide facilities Be flexible in using local facilities
	Lack of trainers’ training	Provide training course for trainers
	Size [geographical, people]	Scaling by appropriate sub-grouping
	Lack of curriculum	Develop more practical and comprehensive courses
	Communication gaps - between groups - between local agencies	Develop linkage between relevant parties through collaboration and cooperation by meetings, workshops, publishing
	Insufficient integration of local knowledge into the training programme	Identify and incorporate local knowledge and skills into the training programme
	Lack of community participation in the design of training	Motivate, participatory involvement of relevant communities in training design Enable community members to participate, e.g. by providing some financial support Get assistance from religious or informal leaders
	Low acceptance of new concepts	Motivating, teaching, explaining to the stakeholders regarding the benefits of the new concept
	Insufficient examples/indicators/templates	Giving examples from other successful projects
	Cultural, religious, social and economic differences within target groups	Identify and determine the best solution acceptable to the groups
	Insufficient training needs assessment	Provide more socioeconomic survey regarding the actual situation of the people
	Lack of training evaluation and feedback mechanism	Set up and appraise the training evaluation and feedback mechanism
	Lack of field experience of trainees	Provide more incentive and/or collaboration between trainers/trainees and local community
	Lack of continuity and sustained training	Set up series of training and follow-up programmes
Support
Identify political responsibility & authority Create & enhance political (incl. financial) support Political empowerment Providing enforcement assistance	Lack of or a change in political will, national, local	Advocate at national and local levels Create power base at local level
	Lack of a clear policy/legislation	Create database/information in order to update/review of policy/legislation Make proposal based on participatory approach of stakeholders Make new legislation accommodating the needs and requirements in the CCRF
	Lack of administrative/structure support at various levels	Enhance/improve awareness of administrators Create self-help mechanism
	Lack of general supports (e.g. human, financial, facility, etc) - Budgetary constraints - Qualified manpower & budgetary constraints for enforcement - Marketing - Credit - Social security and safety at sea	Promote systems and build capacity of lean management Create support mechanisms for marketing, credit and social security and safety Create examples of best management experience from pilot cases Promote educational role of community members in enforcement
	Limited access to formal and informal political linkage/circle	Educate community members to vote strategically Improvement of participation of informal leaders
	Lack of involvement of community in decision-making process	Convincing by doing Involve community at all stages of activities
	Lack of influential person to promote the process	Identify such an individual and convince him/her in selling idea
	Insufficient level of readiness	Develop medium/long-term plans/vision Keep informed/establish line of communication
	Lack of sustainability/durability/continuity of support	Impress with internal success cases

PHASE II
ACTIONS	CONSTRAINTS	ACTIVITIES (Solutions)
Organization
Define/describe communities Meet & bring people together Organizing the community Establish/strengthen the organizational structure Collaboration among fisherfolk /community (networking) Activity planning	Heterogeneous composition of people Ethnic Gender Interest Religion Language Economic status etc	Respect/recognize these differences Use existing governance structures where appropriate Observe gender sensitivity Use simple language Use national/official language or local dialect (if needed) Ensure and support participation of relevant stakeholders Find common ground
	Lack of trained personnel to define communities	Ask assistance for training Facilitate trainers’ training Provide assistance for training
	Lack of political will at community level	Try to convince key person/leader Key person/leader has to convene the community
	Lack/scarcity of skilled leader (inappropriate type & style)	Community has exclusive responsibility & should elect a different leader
	Lack of formal education/skills/knowledge	Assist in basic education Initiate basic education
	Size of community (too large)	Efficient/appropriate sub-grouping
	Low cohesiveness	Socialization events Initiate community projects
	Mobility between sectors/regions	Identify movement pattern Convene individuals and initiate grouping process
	Lack of confidence	Socialization events Initiate community projects
	Lack of awareness	Information drives through media (TV, radio, poster, fliers, etc) Information drives through extension staff/key persons
	Difficulty in internal communication	Channelling communication through key persons (religious leaders, local leaders, community elders)
	Malfunction of marketing system	Give marketing training Include the hindering community members (middlemen) into your marketing approach and ask for their assistance
	High dependence on middlemen (organization conflicts with interest of the middlemen)	Consider including the hindering community members (middlemen) into your marketing approach and ask for their assistance Promote rural credit programme Help establish auction market
Contents
Identify stakeholders’ needs Identify constraints/limitations Identify opportunities, incentives & options for management Build upon traditional knowledge Explore alternative livelihood	Lack of manpower - Skilled persons to identify management option - Skilled persons to identify baseline information - Quality/quantity of personnel	Identification of village-based facilitators to be employed and trained by local government and community groups Government commitment to employ, train and post required staff to each location
	Lack of logistics at various levels (e.g. organization, transport, finance, basic amenities)	Prioritization of requirement should be promoted by community in consultation with concerned agencies Planning, programming and budgeting must be strongly committed Involvement of NGOs, IOs and other interested organizations (local governments, fisherfolk, fishermen’s groups) to facilitate the process of decentralized fisheries management (DFM)
	Lack of identification of required information	Development of guidelines (information required, collecting methods) by government agencies and community for the use of governments and community
	Social insensitivity of some scientists	Multidisciplinary approach (national and international levels) Stronger inputs from community in research and development Promoting exposure to local conditions
	Poor awareness/responsibility on the part of stakeholders	Design better extension and education programmes targeting unaware stakeholders by national and local governments with support from NGOs, donors, etc Provide sufficient incentives to encourage responsible management by concerned agencies
	Lack of recognition/integration for indigenous/traditional/local knowledge	Include indigenous/traditional/local knowledge in training and education as well as in the guidelines for community-based natural resource management from local to national levels
	Reluctance to share indigenous/traditional/local knowledge	Demonstrate benefits of improving communication and information exchange (e.g. through exhibition) among all sectors by local government, community groups, academics and NGOs
	Unavailability of published or unpublished data	Improve communication and information exchange within and among all sectors
	Problem of size (geographical, people, etc)	Work with community to devise workable solution by local governments and community groups involved
	Lack of livelihood ideas/opportunities/skills	Work with several agencies to identify options
	Lack of methodology	Develop through pilot activities and prepare guidelines by concerned agencies and/or donors
Legal
Provide legal assistance/support & enforcement Legal empowerment (e.g. legitimizing norms, customs)	Lack of appropriate legislative framework & legislation	Study existing legislation Amend or initiate/make new legislation
	Lack of legal literacy/skills - manpower/operationally/intellectually/substantively	Organize training
	Lack of consultation mechanisms (legitimate or otherwise) - Design - Implement	Set up consultation mechanisms
	Misunderstandings of rights, duties and responsibilities	Educate
	Lack of recognition of customary law	Incorporate relevant customary norms that reinforce community values, sustainability and equitable distribution into decision making
	Unavailability of customary law	Compile customary laws
	Too broad/ill-defined fisheries policy leading to conflicting interpretation	Clarify and streamline policies Educate
	Lack of independent dispute settlement system	Seek out and inform community about additional legislative tools Use public pressure to settle disputes
	Lack of appropriate dispute settlement system, intra-community, inter-community, government	Set up dispute management mechanisms
	Inadequate enforcement mechanisms - Information provision - Consultation - Clear penal provisions - Principle of fairness	Strengthen enforcement mechanisms through arrangements that enjoy full legitimacy Promote community-based enforcement strategies Establish & promote social sanctions Establish & promote information provision Establish & promote consultation Establish & promote clear penal provisions Establish & promote principle of fairness
Support
Identify political responsibility & authority Create & enhance political (incl. financial) support Political empowerment Providing enforcement assistance	Lack of or a change in political will, national, local	Advocate at national and local levels Create constituency at local level
	Lack of a clear policy/legislation	Create database/information in order to update/review of policy/legislation Make proposal based on participatory approach of stakeholders Make new legislation accommodating the needs and requirements in the CCRF Clarify policy through media
	Lack of administrative/structure support at various levels	Enhance/improve awareness of administrators Create self-help mechanism
	Lack of general support (e.g. human, financial, facility, etc.) - Budgetary constraints - Qualified manpower & budgetary constraints for enforcement - Marketing - Credit - Social security and safety at sea	Promote systems and build capacity of lean management Encourage self-financing scheme Create support mechanisms for marketing, credit and social security and safety Create examples of best management experience from pilot cases Promote educational role of community members in enforcement
	Limited access to formal and informal political linkage/circle	Encourage local community members to be elected into the formal political system Educate community members to vote strategically Improvement of participation of informal leaders
	Lack of involvement of community in the decision-making process	Convince by doing Involve community in all stages of activities
	Insufficient level of readiness	Develop medium/long-term plans/vision Keep informed/establish line of communication
	Lack of sustainability/durability/ continuity of support	Provide medium/long-term plan to supporting agency Impress with internal success cases
Training
Training on - environment, - techniques, - management, - resource utilization, - productivity, enhancement, etc,	Lack of trainers - Manpower - Quality	Trainer capacity building
	Lack of logistics: - Financial - Facilities - Materials	Provide finance Provide facilities Be flexible in using local facilities
	Lack of trainers’ training	Provide training course for trainers
	Lack of curriculum	Develop more practical and comprehensive courses
	Communication gaps - between groups - between local agencies	Develop linkage between relevant parties through collaboration and cooperation by meeting, workshop, publishing
	Insufficient integration of local knowledge into training programme	Identify and incorporate local knowledge and skills into the training programme
	Lack of community participation in training design	Motivate, participatory involvement of relevant communities in training design Enable community members to participate e.g. by providing some financial support Get assistance from religious or informal leaders
	Low acceptance of new concepts	Motivating, teaching, explaining to the stakeholders regarding the benefits of the new concept
	Insufficient examples/ indicators/templates	Giving examples from other successful projects
	Cultural, religious, social and economic differences within target groups	Identify and determine the best solution acceptable to the groups
	Insufficient training needs assessment	Provide more detailed socioeconomic survey regarding the actual situation of the people
	Lack of training evaluation and feedback mechanism	Set up and appraise the training evaluation and feedback mechanism
	Lack of field experience of trainees	Provide more incentive and/or collaboration between trainers/trainees and local community
	Lack of continuity and sustained training	Set up a series of training and follow up programmes
Process
Maintaining cooperative spirit Facilitate conflict resolution Communicate & facilitate, translating & listening, transfer/ exchange of knowledge	Lack of facilitation skills/few facilitators	Provision of training for trainers
	Lack of common understanding (due to different concepts)	Communicate, discuss, interact
	Lack of common language	Consider using interpreters
	Lack of progressive sanctions	Formulation of appropriate sanctions of rules and regulations
	Lack of effective sanctions/rules	Provision of sustainable monitoring of sanctions implemented
	Poor compliance with rules/norms	Identify underlying reasons for non-compliance and take necessary action, e.g. promote awareness and strengthen enforcement of rules and regulations
	Lack of community participation in formulating rules and regulations	Ensure full participation of the community in formulating rules
	Too many provocateurs	Recommend involvement of provocateurs in the whole process
	Lack of flexibility	Facilitate regular review of the process (negotiation, collaboration, etc)
	Inability to accept limitation	Provide clear understanding of the issues of the process from the beginning
	Lack of accountability	Create accountability mechanisms Transparent mechanisms
	Lack of courage to act despite the limitations	Provide authority and responsibility to the community leader to act despite the limitations

PHASE III
ACTIONS	CONSTRAINTS	ACTIVITIES (Solutions)
Organization
Organizing the community Establish/ strengthen the organizational structure Collaboration among fisherfolk/ community (networking) Activity planning	Heterogeneous composition of people - Ethnic - Gender - Interest - Religion - Language - Economic status etc	Respect/recognize these differences Use existing governance structures where appropriate Observe gender sensitivity Use simple language Use national/official language or local dialect (if needed) Ensure and support participation of relevant stakeholders Find common ground
	Lack of trained personnel to define communities	Provide assistance for training Ask assistance for training Facilitate trainers’ training
	Lack of political will at community level	Try to convince key person/ leader Key person/leader has to convene the community
	Lack/scarcity of skilled leader (inappropriate type & style)	Community has exclusive responsibility & should elect a different leader
	Lack of formal education/skills/ knowledge	Assist in basic education Initiate basic education
	Size of community (too large)	Efficient/appropriate sub-grouping
	Low cohesiveness	Socialization events Initiate community projects
	Mobility between sectors/ regions	Convene individuals and initiate grouping process
	Lack of confidence	Socialization events Initiate community projects
	Lack of awareness	Information drives through media (TV, radio, poster, fliers, etc) Information drives through extension staff/key persons
	Difficulty in internal communication	Channelling communication through key persons (religious leaders, local leaders, community elders)
	Malfunction of marketing system	Give marketing training Include the hindering community members (middlemen) into your marketing approach and ask for their assistance
	High dependence on middlemen (organization conflicts with the interest of the middlemen)	Consider including the hindering community members (middlemen) into your marketing approach and ask for their assistance Promote rural credit programme Help establish auction market
Contents
Initiate management planning process	Lack of manpower - Skilled persons to identify management options - Skilled persons to identify baseline information - Quality/quantity personnel	Government commitment to employ, train and post required staff to each location Curriculum development (in consultation with line agencies, donors, etc) should respond to changing human resource needs
	Lack of logistics at various levels (e.g. organization, transport, finance, basic amenities)	Prioritization of requirement should be promoted by community in consultation with concerned agencies Planning, programming and budgeting must be strongly committed Involvement of NGOs, IOs and other interested organizations (local governments, fisherfolk, fishermen’s groups) to facilitate the process of decentralized fisheries management (DFM)
	Lack of identification of required information	Development of guidelines (information required, collecting methods) by government agencies and community for the use of governments and community
	Social insensitivity of some scientists	Multidisciplinary approach (national and international levels) Stronger inputs from community in research and development Promoting exposure to local conditions
	Poor awareness/responsibility on part of stakeholders	Design better extension and education programmes targeting unaware stakeholders by national and local governments with support from NGOs, donors, etc Provide sufficient incentives to encourage responsible management by concerned agencies
	Lack of recognition/integration for indigenous/traditional/local knowledge	Include indigenous/traditional/ local knowledge in training and education as well as in the guidelines for community-based natural resource management from local to national levels
	Reluctance to share indigenous/ traditional/local knowledge	Demonstrate benefits of improving communication and information exchange (e.g. through exhibition) among all sectors by local government, community groups, academics and NGOs
	Unavailability of published or unpublished data	Improve communication and information exchange within and among all sectors Create local library/information centre Provide incentive to publish data
	Lack of livelihood ideas/ opportunities/skills	Consider institutional reforms Information exchange by all concerned
	Lack of methodology	Develop through pilot activities and prepare guidelines by concerned agencies and/or donors
Legal
Provide legal assistance/ support & enforcement Legal empowerment (e.g. legitimizing norms, customs)	Lack of appropriate legislative framework & legislation	Study existing legislation Amend or initiate/make new legislation
	Lack of legal literacy/skills - Manpower/operationally - Intellectually/substantively	Organize training
	Lack of consultation mechanisms (legitimate or otherwise) - Design - Implement	Set up consultation mechanisms
	Misunderstandings of rights, duties and responsibilities	Education
	Too broad/ill-defined fisheries policy leading to conflicting interpretation	Clarify and streamline policies Educate
	Lack of independent dispute settlement system	Seek out and inform community about additional legislative tools Use public pressure to settle disputes
	Lack of appropriate dispute settlement system intra-community, inter-community, government	Set up dispute management mechanisms
	Inadequate enforcement mechanisms - Information provision - Consultation - Clear penal provisions - Principle of fairness	Strengthen enforcement mechanisms through arrangements that enjoy full legitimacy Promote community-based enforcement strategies Establish & promote social sanctions Establish & promote information provision Establish & promote consultation Establish & promote clear penal provisions Establish & promote principle of fairness
Support
Identify political responsibility & authority Providing enforcement assistance	Lack of or a change in political will - Local - National	Advocate at national and local levels Create constituency at local level
	Lack of a clear policy/legislation	Create database/information in order to update/review of policy/legislation Make proposal based on participatory approach of stakeholders Make new legislation accommodating the needs and requirements in the CCRF Clarify policy through media
	Lack of administrative/structure support at various levels	Enhance/improve awareness of administrators Create self-help mechanism
	Lack of general supports (e.g. human, financial, facility, etc) - Budgetary constraints - Qualified manpower & budgetary constraints for enforcement - Marketing - Social security and safety at sea	Promote systems and build capacity of lean management Encourage self-financing scheme Create support mechanisms for marketing, credit and social security and safety Create examples of best management experience from pilot cases Promote educational role of community members in enforcement
	Limited access to formal and informal political linkage/circle	Encourage local community members to be elected into the formal political system Educate community members to vote strategically Improvement of participation of informal leaders
	Lack of involvement of community in the decision-making process	Convincing by doing Involve community at all stages of activities
	Insufficient level of readiness	Develop medium/long-term plans/vision Keep informed/ establish line of communication
	Lack of sustainability/durability/ continuity of support	Provide medium/long-term plan to supporting agency Develop a phased change-over plan Impress with internal success cases
Training
Training on - environment - techniques - management - resources utilization - marketing - productivity enhancement, etc.	Lack of trainers, manpower, quality	Trainer capacity building
	Lack of trainers’ training	Provide training course for trainers
	Size [geographical, people]	Scaling by appropriate sub-grouping
	Lack of curriculum	Develop more practical and comprehensive courses
	Communication gaps, between groups, between local agencies	Develop linkage between relevant parties through collaboration and cooperation by meeting, workshop, publishing
	Lack of community participation in training design	Motivate, participatory involvement of relevant communities in training design Enable community members to participate, e.g. by providing some financial support
	Low acceptance of new concepts	Motivating, teaching, explaining to the stakeholders regarding the benefits of the new concept
	Insufficient examples/indicators/templates	Giving examples from other successful projects
	Insufficient training needs assessment	Provide more social-economic survey regarding the actual situation of the people
	Lack of training evaluation and feedback mechanism	Set up and appraise the training evaluation and feedback mechanism
	Lack of field experience of trainees	Provide more incentive and/or collaboration between trainers/ trainees and local community
	Lack of continuity and sustained training	Set up series of training and follow up programmes
Process
Maintaining cooperative spirit Facilitate conflict resolution Communicate & facilitate Translating & listening Transfer/ exchange of knowledge	Lack of facilitation skills/few facilitators	Provision of training for trainers
	Lack of common understanding (due to different concepts)	Communicate, discuss, interact
	Lack of common language	Consider using interpreters
	Lack of progressive sanctions	Formulate appropriate sanctions of rules and regulations
	Lack of effective sanctions/rules	Provide sustainable monitoring of sanctions implemented
	Poor compliance with rules/norms	Identify underlying reasons for non-compliance and take necessary actions, e.g. promote awareness and strengthen enforcement of rules and regulations
	Lack of community participation in formulating rules and regulations	Ensure full participation of community in formulating rules
	Too many provocateurs	Recommend involvement of provocateurs in the whole process
	Lack of flexibility	Facilitate regular review of the process (negotiation, collaboration, etc)
	Inability to accept limitation	Provide clear understanding of the issues of the process from the beginning
	Lack of accountability	Transparent mechanisms
	Lack of courage to act despite the limitations	Provide authority and responsibility to the community leader to act despite the limitations