Abbreviations and acronyms: Abréviations et sigles

ABU	Ahmadu Bello University,, Nigeria
ACEMA	Association Euro-Africaine des Centres de Mécanisation Agricole, Cameroon and France
ACIAR	Australian Centre for international Agricultural Research, Australia
ACREMA	Atelier de Construction et de Réparations de Matériel Agricole, Niger
ACT	Association de Coopération - Technique, Belgium
ADP	animal draft power
ADPDP	Animal Draft Power Development Project, Kenya
ADPRDP	Animal Draft Power Research and Development Project, Zambia
ADPRDP	Animal Draft Power Research and Development Project, Magoye, Zambia
AETC	Agricultural Engineering Technical Committee, Zambia
AFMA	Atelier de Fabrication de Matériel Agricole, Niger
AFRC	Agriculture and Food Research Council, UK
AFRC-Engineering	AFRC Institute of Engineering Research, UK
AFVP	Association Française des Volontaires du Progrès, France
AG-ENG	Agricultural Engineering International Conference
AMRDU	Agricultural Machinery Research and Development Unit, Zambia
AGRIMA	National import agency for agricultural implements, Guinea
ANTRAC	animal traction
ARMA	Cellule de l'Artisanat Rural et Machinisme Agricole, Niger
ASAE	American Society of Agricultural Engineers
AT	animal traction
BBF	broad-bed and furrow (system of cultivation)
BBG	butteurs-billonneurs gambiens
BDPA	Bureau pour le Développement de la Production Agricole, France
BIT	Bureau international du Travail Switzerland
BNDA	Banque Nationale pour le Développement Agricole
BSI	British Standards Institute, UK
C	Cedi (Ghanaian currency)
CARDER	Centre d'Action Regionale pour le Développement Rural, Benin
CARM	Projet Centres d'Animation Rurale Mixte, Mali
CATMI	Camerounian Agricultural Tools Manufacturing Industry, Cameroon
CBPP	contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
CCCE	Caisse Centrale de Coopération Economique, France
CDARMA	Centre de Développement et d'Artisanat Rural en Machinisme Agricole, Niger
CEEMA	Centre d'Expérimentation et d'Enseignement du Machinisme Agricole, Mali
CEEMAT	Centre d'Etudes et d'Expérimentation du Machinisme Agricole Tropical, France
CFA	Centre de Formation Agricole, Togo
CFCF	Le Comité Français de Lutte contre la Faim, France
CFDT	Compagnie Française pour le Développement des Fibres Textiles, France
CFJA	Centre de Formation des Jeunes Agriculteurs, Niger
CIAE	Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, India
CIDA	Canadian International Development Agency, Canada
CIDT	Compagnie Ivoirienne pour le Développement des Textiles, Côte d'Ivoire
CILSS	Comité permanent inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel, Burkina Faso
CIMA	Centre Ivoirien du Machinisme Agricole, Côte d'Ivoire
CIMMYT	Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, Mexico
CIPEA	Centre International pour l'Elevage en Afrique (ILCA), Ethiopia
CIRAD	Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement
cm	centimetre (unit of length)
CMDT	Compagnie Malienne pour le Développement des Textiles, Mali
CNCA	Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricole
CNCAS	Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricole du Sénégal
CNEARC	Centre national d'études agronomiques des régions chaudes, France
CNRA	Centre National de Recherches Agronomiques de Bambey, Senegal
COBEMAG	Coopérative Béninoise de Matériel Agricole, Benin
COOPIBO	A non-governmental development organization, Belgium
CPA	Centre de Perfectionnement Artisanal, Senegal
CPR	Centre de Promotion Rurale, Niger
CPT	Centre de Perfectionnement Technique, Niger
CRA	Centre de Recherches Agronomiques
CRDI	Centre de Recherche pour le Développement International, Canada
CTA	Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale, Pays-Bas
CTA	Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, The Netherlands
CTVM	Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, UK
CVF	Centre Villageois de Formation, Niger
DAP	draft (or draught) animal power
DE	Département Elevage
Dh	Dinar (Moroccan currency)
DMA	Division du Machinisme Agricole, Mali
DNFAR	Direction Nationale de la Formation et de l'Animation Rurales, Mali
DRDR	Direction Régionale de Développement Rural, Togo
DRSPR	Division de Recherches sur les Systèmes de Production Rurale, Mali
DSA	Département des Systèmes Agraires
DSPA	Direction des Services de la Production Agricole, Senegal
E	English language publication
EEC	European Economic Community
E,F	Publication available in separate English and French editions
E/F	Single publication, partly in English and partly in French
EFSAIP	Evaluation of Farming Systems and Agricultural Implements Project, Botswana
EIU	Economist Intelligence Unit, UK
ENDA	Environnement et Développement dans le Tiers Monde, Senegal Environment and Development in the Third World, Senegal
ET	Erreur type (standard error)
E.-U	Etats-Unis (United States of America)
F	French language publication
FACU	Federal Agricultural Coordinating Unit, Nigeria
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy
FCFA	Franc de la Communauté financière africaine (CFA currency)
FED	Fonds Européen de Développement (European Development Fund), Belgium
FF	Franc français (French currency)
FG	Franc guinéen (Guinea currency)
FRG	Federal Republic of Germany
FSSP	Farming Systems Support Projet, USA
g	gram (unit of mass)
G	German language publication
GARD	Gambian Agricultural Research and Diversification Project, The Gambia
GATE	German Appropriate Technology Exchange, GTZ, Germany (FRG)
GP	Groupements de Producteurs
GRDR	Groupe de recherche et de réalisations pour le développement rural dans le tiers monde, France
GRET	Groupe de Recherche et d'Echanges Technologiques, France
GTZ	Deutsche Gesellschaft fin Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Federal Republic of Germany
h	hour
ha	hectare
hab	habitants (inhabitants)
HTE	Hommes, Terre et Eau, Morocco
IAC	Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Brazil
IAPAR	Instituto Agrônomico do Paraná, Brazil
IAR	Institute for Agricultural Research, Nigeria
IARC	international agricultural research centre
IBGE	Fundaçao Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Statistica, Brazil
ICRISAT	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, India
IDESSA	Institut des Savanes, Cote d'Ivoire
IDRC	International Development Research Centre, Canada
IEMVT	Institut d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, France
IER	Institut d'Economie Rurale, Mali
IITA	International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Nigeria
ILCA	International Livestock Centre for Africa, Ethiopia
ILO	International Labour Organisation, Switzerland
IMF	International Monetary Fund, USA
INRA	Institut national des recherches agronomiques, France
INRA	Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Settat, Morocco
INRAN	Institut national des recherches agronomiques du Niger, Niger
IRAT	Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales, France
IRDP	Integrated Rural Development Programme, Zambia
IRR	internal rates of return
IRRI	International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines
ISC	ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Niger
ISO	International Organization for Standardization
ISRA	Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Senegal
ITDG	Intermediate Technology Development Group, UK
K	Kwacha (Zambian currency)
KNARDA	Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority, Nigeria
KU	Katholieke Universiteit (Leaven), Belgium
kg	kilogram
km	kilometre
kW	kilowatt
l	litre
LECSA	Laboratoire d'Etudes Comparées des Systèmes Agraires, France
m	metre
mm	millimetre
MDR	Ministère du Développement Rural
MDRAC	Ministère du Développement Rural et de l'Action Coopérative, Benin
MEDA	Mennonite Economic Development Associates, Canada
MJ	megajoule (unit of energy or work)
MOP	Mbeya Oxenization Project, Tanzania
MRIDEP	Mbeya Rural Integrated Development Project, Tanzania
MRU	Farm Machined Research Unit, Zambia
MSU	Michigan State University, USA
mm	millimetre
MOA	Ministry of Agriculture
N	Naira (Nigerian currency)
N	newton (unit of force approximated equivalent to 0.1 kg weight
NAPRI	National Animal Production Research Institute, Nigeria
NARS	National Agricultural Research System
NASS	National Agricultural Sample Survey, The Gambia
NED	North Bank Division, The Gambia
NDP	National Development Plan
NGO	Non-governmental organization
NIB	net incremental benefits
NLDP	National Livestock Development Projects, Nigeria
NORRIP	Northern Region Rural Integrated Program, Ghana
NPA	Nouvelle Politique Agricole
NEW	net present worth
NSARDA	Sokoto State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority, Nigeria
NWIRDP	North Western Province the Integrated Rural Development Project, Zambia
OACV	Opération Arachide et Cultures Vivrières, Mali
OAU	Organization of African Unity, Ethiopia
ODA	Overseas Development Administration, UK
ODR	Opération de Développement Rural, Mali
OHV	Opération Haute Vallée, Mali
ONAHA	Office National des Aménagements Hydro-Agricoles, Niger
ONCAD	Office National de Coopération et d'Assistance pour le Développement
ONG	Organisation non gouvernementale
ONUDI	Organisation des Nations-Unis pour le Développement Industriel Autriche (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Austria)
OUA	l'Organisation de l'Unité Africaine
OXFAM	A non governmental development organization (formerly Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, UK)
PA	Programme Agricole, Senegal
PAFSAT	Project for Promotion of Adapted Farming Systems based on Animal Traction, Cameroon
PORN	Projet de Développement Rural de Notse, Togo
PE	Premier Equipement
PES	Division de la Programmation, de l'Evaluation et des Statistiques, Togo
Ph.D	Doctor of Philosophy degree
PIB	production intérieure brute
PIDAC	Projet intégré de Développement agricole en Basse Casamance, Senegal
PPMU	Planning, Programming and Monitoring Unit, The Gambia
PROPTA	Projet pour la Promotion de la Traction Animale, Togo
PTAS	Postgraduate Training Award Scheme, UK
RESPAO	Réseau d'Etude des Systèmes de Production en Afrique de l'Ouest, Burkina Faso
RFA	République fédérale d'Allemagne (West Germany)
RIDEP	Rural Integrated Development Project, Tanzania
REAM	Regional Network for Agricultural Machined, The Philippines
ROATA	Réseau Ouest-africain de la Traction Animale
RR	réversible à ressort (type of tine)
rpm	revolutions per minute
s, or sec	second
SACCAR	Southern African Centre for Cooperation in Agricultural Research
SAFGRAD	Semi-Arid Food Grain Research and Development Programme of the Organization of African Unity, Burkina Faso
SAT	Semi-arid tropics
SEZ	Société d'élevage zaïroise, Zaïre
SISCOMA	Société Industrielle Sénégalaise de Constructions Mécaniques et de Matériels Agricoles
SISMAR	Société industrielle Sahélienne de Mécaniques, de Matériel Agricoles et de Représentations, Senegal
SMAG	salaire minimum agricole
SMECMA	Société Malienne d'Etude et de Construction de Matériel Agricole, Mali
SNRA	services nationaux de recherche agricole
SODECOTON	Société de Développement du Coton du Cameroun, Cameroon
SODEPRA	Société de Développement des Production, Animale, Cote d'Ivoire
SODEVA	Société de Développement et de Vulgarisation Agricole, Senegal
SONACOS	Société Nationale de Commercialisation de' Oléagineux du Senegal
SONIFAME	Société nigérienne de fabrication métallique, Niger
SOTOCO	Société Togolaise du Coton, Togo
SOTRABO	Secrétariat des Organisations Non Gouvernementales pour la Traction Bovine, Zaïre
t	tonne
T & V	training and visit
TA	traction animale
TCDC	technical cooperation between developing countries
UCF	type of plow in Senegal
UCOMA	Unité Construction de Matériel Agricole Niger
UF	unité fourragères
UK	United Kingdom
ULV	ultra low volume
UNICEF	Fonds des Nations -Unies pour l'enfance
UNIFEM	Fonds de Développement des Nations Unies pour la Femme, Sénégal
UNZA	University of Zambia, Zambia
UP	unités de production
UPROMA	Unité de Production de Matériel Agricole Togo
USA	United States of America
USAID	United States Agency for International Development, USA
USDA	United State Department of Agriculture
USOA	Usine des Outillages Agricoles, Guinea
UT	Unite' de traction
WAATN	West African Animal Traction Network
WAFSRN	W - t African Farming Systems Research Network, Burkina Faso
WD	Western Division, The Gambia
WOP	Work Oxen Programme, Sierra Leone
Z	Zaïre (Zaïre currency)
ZCF	Zambia Co operative Federation, Zambia

The West Africa Animal Traction Network aims to foster the use of animal power for agricultural development and actively encourages the exchange of information and cooperation among its members in West Africa and elsewhere. One means to facilitate such liaison is through technical workshops, and this volume derives from the third international workshop of The West Africa Animal Traction Network Specialists in animal traction from 24 countries met to learn from each others experiences in the held of animal traction research, development, extension and training. The first part of this volume summarizes workshop activities and conclusions.

All participants prepared written contributions in which technical, social and economic aspects of animal traction were presented and analysed, and a total of 60 edited papers are presented in the second part of this volume. While half of the papers were written in English and half were prepared in French, all papers have abstracts in both languages, and this will assist the exchange of information, between anglophone and francophone specialists. The papers are wide-ranging dealing with research on animal traction, the development of animal-drawn implements and animal-powered equipment, the economics of animal traction, constraints to animal traction development, the impact of animal traction within the farming systems of different countries, gender issues and various strategies for animal traction development.

This took, containing contributions from 82 authors from 24 countries, provides a wealth of ideas and experiences concerning animal tract ion, and will be valuable to all those interested in this important held of agricultural development.