Salmo aguabonita JORDAN: SALMONIDAE
Salmo clarkii (RICHARDSON): SALMONIDAE
Salmo gairdneri (RICHARDSON): SALMONIDAE
Salmo salar L.: SALMONIDAE
Salmo trutta L.: SALMONIDAE
Salvelinns alpinus (L.): SALMONIDAE
Salvelinus fontinalis (MITCHILL): SALMONIDAE
Salvelinus leucomanius pluvius (HILGENDORF): SALMONIDAE
Salvelinus namaycush (WALBAUM): SALMONIDAE
Sarotherodon galilaeus (L.): CICHLIDAE
Sarotherodon melanotheron (RUPPELL): CICHLIDAE
Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.): CYPRINIDAE
Serranochromis robustus GUNTHER: CICHLIDAE
Serrasalmus humeralis VALENCIENNES: CHARACIDAE
Serrasalmus sp.: CHARACIDAE
Silurus glanis L.: SILURIDAE
Stizostedion lucioperca (L.): PERCIDAE
Stizostedion vitreum (MITCHILL): PERCIDAE
Tanichthys albonubes L.: CYPKINIDAE
Native range: Southern Pacific mountain streams of U.S.A
The golden trout is a highly localized species which has been widely transplanted within the United States. The status of these transplants is difficult to determine as the species has hybridized with cutthroat and rainbow trout. Introductions to Western Canada have been successful.
|
North America | ||
|
To: Canada |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1959 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Species established in Alberta and British Colombia without causing any environmental problems. | ||
Native range: Northwestern U.S.A., Western Canada and Alaska
The cutthroat trout inhabits the cooler waters of North America. It hybridizes freely with golden and rainbow trout. In North America the species has been introduced into many waters outside its native range and is particularly successful in colonizing high mountain lakes. Introductions into a few countries in Europe have not been successful although stocks are maintained artificially.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1980 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Confined to one experimental fish farm. | ||
|
To: Denmark |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1962 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in one fish farm only. | ||
|
To: Sweden |
From: Denmark |
Year: 1960s |
|
Reason: Accidental introduction |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Very limited distribution. | ||
Native range: Western seaboard of U.S.A., Canada and Northern Mexico
The rainbow trout (priority synonym Parasalmo mykiss) is one of the nest widely introduced of fishes and may be regarded as global in its present distribution although, in the tropics it is only established at altitudes above about 1200 m. The history of its introductions was documented by MacCrimmon (1971) although further movements have occurred since his paper was written. First introductions of rainbow trout were for sporting purposes but its adoption for aqua-culture led to an accelerated spread in the 1950's. Furthermore, although introduced for angling many host countries subsequently expanded the distribution of the species for culture. It is now one of the main species cultured in temperate zones and at higher altitudes in the tropics. Rainbow trout have been implicated in the disappearance or decline of many small native species, through either predation or competition. They have, together with the 'pejerrey' been responsible for some decline in stocks of Orestias and Trichomycterus species in Lake Titicaca. O. cuvieri has disappeared since the introduction and O. pentlandii, Trichomycterus rivulatus and T. dispar have been considerably reduced in abundance. The contribution of introduced species to this decline is obscured by recent overfishing and other bad management practices (Hanek, 1982). S. gairdneri have also been involved in the reduction of native salmonid populations in Lake Ohrid, Yugoslavia (Nijjsen and de Groot, 1974), Schizothorax species in Himalayan rivers, Oreodaimon gnathlambae in Lesotho, Trachyistoma euronotus and Sandelia capensis in South Africa (Jackson, 1960), Protroctes oxyrhynchus and Galaxias gracilis in New Zealand (McDowall, 1984), and other galaxiids in Australia.
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Cameroon |
From: Germany |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Congo |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1940 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Ethiopia |
From: Kenya |
Year: 1967 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Some self sustaining populations reputedly continue to exist in some highland streams. | ||
|
To: Kenya |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1910 |
|
Reason: Angling, aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Successfully established in mountain streams. | ||
|
To: Lesotho |
From: South Africa |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Endangers local species of rare native Oreodaimon gnathlambae. | ||
|
To: Madagascar |
From: France |
Year: 1922 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: In cold, high altitude areas. | ||
|
To: Malawi |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1907 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Successfully introduced into cold mountain streams. | ||
|
To: Mauritius |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1934, 1944 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Morocco |
From: Switzerland, France |
Year: 1925 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Reared in ponds and stocked into mountain streams. | ||
|
To: Mozambique |
From: Zimbabwe |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Reunion |
From: Madagascar |
Year: 1940, 1941 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: South Africa |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1896 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Eliminated local species Trachyistoma euronotus and Sandelia capensis (Jackson, 1960). Spread throughout South Africa during late 1890s. | ||
|
To: Sudan |
From: Kenya |
Year: 1947 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Swaziland |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1908 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Tanzania |
From: Scotland |
Year: 1927 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Uganda |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Zimbabwe |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1910 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Asia | ||
|
To: Afghanistan |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Present in fish culture stations and reputedly in North flowing streams of the Hindu Kush. | ||
|
To: China |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1980s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Reared in raceways in Shanxi Province. | ||
|
To: India |
From: Sri Lanka, U.K. |
Year: 1907, 1912 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Generally present above the 1 200 m contour. | ||
|
To: Indonesia |
From: Holland |
Year: 1929 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Not established. | ||
|
To: Japan |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1877 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Wild populations established in some lakes: some 6 000 t raised for consumption. | ||
|
To: Korea |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1965 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Fast growing and excellent food fish used for aquaculture, but no wild population. | ||
|
To: Malaysia |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1935 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Reportedly still present in some highland streams. | ||
|
To: Nepal |
From: India |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Repeated attempts have been made to introduce this species without apparent success which is surprising in view of populations in India. | ||
|
To: Pakistan |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Species widespread in streams above 1 370m. | ||
|
To: Sri Lanka |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1889 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Breeds freely above 1 220 m contour. | ||
|
To: Taiwan, Prov. China |
From: Japan |
Year: 1957 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present mainly in fish ponds. | ||
|
Asia/Europe | ||
|
To: U.S.S.R. |
From: Germany |
Year: 1890 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Regularly reared and stocked for aquaculture and sport fishing. | ||
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Albania |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Austria |
From: Germany |
Year: 1885 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Belgium |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1890s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Used widely for aquaculture. | ||
|
To: Bulgaria |
From: Germany |
Year: 1897 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Cyprus |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Natural reproduction very limited but is used for aquaculture and stocking dams. | ||
|
To: Czechoslovakia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Wild fish appear from time to time in the Danube R. although these nay be escapees from the intensive aquaculture in the basin. | ||
|
To: Denmark |
From: Germany, Austria, |
U.S.A. |
|
Year: 1894-1902, 1962-64 |
Reason: |
Aquaculture, angling |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
|
Comments: Species is prone to disease and may have introduced new parasites. Well established in aquaculture for which the species is very widely used. Wild fish occur as escapees from ponds. | ||
|
To: Finland |
From: Germany, Denmark |
Year: 1897, 1960 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, angIing |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Widely used for aquaculture and for stocking lakes. | ||
|
To: France |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1880, 1970 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Self breeding populations in some lakes and streams but widespread aquaculture mostly based on artificially bred fish. | ||
|
To: Germany |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1882 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Widely used for aquaculture throughout the country. | ||
|
To: Greece |
From: Switzerland |
Year: 1950 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Hungary |
From: North America |
Year: 1885 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Yes Comments: Widely used for aquaculture but wild stocks exist in two small streams. | ||
|
To: Iceland |
From: Denmark |
Year: 1951 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Ireland |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1900-10 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Naturally reproducing populations occur in some lakes but most waters are stocked from artificially bred material from fish farms. | ||
|
To: Italy |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1895+ |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, sport |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Used widely for aquaculture throughout the country. | ||
|
To: Liechtenstein |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1900 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Luxembourg |
From: Denmark |
Year: 1946 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Netherlands |
From: North America |
Year: 1968 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Artificially reared material used to stock lakes. | ||
|
To: Norway |
From: Denmark |
Year: 1900-10 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, stocking lakes |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Artificially reared fish widely used for aquaculture and stocking. | ||
|
To: Poland |
From: Germany, U.S.A. |
Year: 1890s, 1960 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Widely used for aquaculture and for stocking lakes. | ||
|
To: Portugal |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1898 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Limited wild stocks but used extensively for aquaculture. | ||
|
To: Rumania |
From: Hungary |
Year: 1885 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Used for widely for aquaculture. | ||
|
To: Spain |
From: France |
Year: 1890s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Sweden |
From: Germany |
Year: 1891 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Very limited wild populations but popular for aquaculture and put-and-take fisheries. | ||
|
To: Switzerland |
From: Germany |
Year: 1888 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Limited natural reproduction but regularly stocked for sport and reared for aquaculture. | ||
|
To: U.K. |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1884 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established widely for aquaculture. Breeds naturally in a number of places but only five self-sustaining populations have been recorded (Frost, 1974). | ||
|
To: Yugoslavia |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1891, 1930, 1935 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
and angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Has caused problems for endemic salmonids of L. Ohrid (Nijason and De Groot, 1974). Self-sustaining populations rare but widely stocked for sport and aquaculture. | ||
|
Middle East | ||
|
To: Iran |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Iraq |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1968 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Israel |
From: Switzerland |
Year: 1947 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
Comments: One small self-sustaining population maintained in ponds and a small naturally breeding population in the upper reaches of the River Jordan. | ||
|
To: Jordan |
From: Yugoslavia |
Year: 1966 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Lebanon |
From: Denmark |
Year: 1960 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Artificially breeding stocks maintained in fish ponds. | ||
|
To: Syria |
From: Lebanon, Germany |
Year: 1964, 1968 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Turkey |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Breeding and artificially maintained populations in Tasmania, New South Hales, Victoria and Western Australia. | ||
|
To: Hawaii |
From: Oregon, U.S.A |
Year: 1920 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Limited stocks in some high altitude streams are maintained by supplementary stocking. | ||
|
To: New Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Widespread and abundant particularly in lakes. | ||
|
To: Papua New Guinea |
From: New Zealand |
Year: 1952 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Widespread in highland areas. High potential as a local food source better adapted than S. trutta (West and Glucksman, 1976). | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1904, 1934 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture. sport |
|
Reproducing: No |
|
To: Bolivia |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1942, 1943 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture; sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Damages native Orestias populations. Originally introduced into L. Titicaca where it formed a large fishery but later populations were reduced by overfishing and bad environmental management. | ||
|
To: Brazil |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1913, 1942; 1951-60 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Cultivated in Southern highlands. | ||
|
To: Chile |
From: Germany |
Year: 1905 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Self breeding populations in streams and lakes of South Chile. Some aquaculture is being developed. | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1926 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Caused extinction of local Trichomycterus species. Because of climatic situation of Colombia S. gairdneri can be induced to breed all year round and exports trout eggs. | ||
|
To: Costa Rica |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1954 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Well established in high altitude zones of all rivers. | ||
|
To: Dominican Republic |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1985 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
To: Ecuador |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1928, 1960 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, Sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
To: Guyana |
From: U.K. |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Honduras |
From: Costa Rica |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: |
|
|
To: Panama |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Breeds freely above 1 100m. | ||
|
To: Peru |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1927, 1942 |
|
Reason: Food fishery. Sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Has contributed to decline of native species of Orestias. Originally introduced into L. Titicaca where it formed a large fishery but later stocks were reduced by overfishing. | ||
|
To: Puerto Rico |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1934 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Uruguay |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1957 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Venezuela |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1934 |
|
Reason: Sport: aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
Native range: Northwest seaboard of Europe and Northeastern seaboard of U.S.A. and Canada
The Atlantic salmon has been the subject of numerous introductions few of which have been successful. Populations which have become established are usually landlocked as in Argentina and New Zealand. Attempts to establish truly anadromous stocks in the Southern Oceans around Chile and Argentina, and around New Zealand and Australia have so far failed.
|
Asia | ||
|
To: Indonesia |
From: Holland |
Year: 1929 |
|
Reason: To fill a vacant niche |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Disappeared. |
|
|
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1971 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Attempts to introduce the species for culture are continuing. | ||
|
To: Greece |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Australia |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1864-70, 1963-64 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Fishery limited to hatchery reared fish in New South Wales. | ||
|
To: New Zealand |
From: U.K., Canada, U.S.A., Germany | |
|
Year: 1864-1910, 1960-65 |
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Once common, Now restricted to one lake and river in South Island (McDowall, 1978). | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: Canada |
Year: 1904, 1970 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Successfully introduced into L. Fagnano, Traful, Carrhue Grande and some southern rivers (Ringuelet, 1967). | ||
|
To: Brazil |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1957 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Chile |
From: Germany |
Year: 1935 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Landlocked strain found in L. Fagnano. | ||
|
To: Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |
From: U.K. | |
|
Year: 1960 |
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: No |
|
Comments: Attempt failed. |
|
|
|
To: Kerguelen Is. |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1960 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Attempt failed. |
|
|
Native range: Europe and Western Asia
Brown trout has been distributed almost as widely as rainbows but with less success in warmer climatic zones where stocks are generally limited to above 1 500 m. The distribution of this species was discussed by MacCrimmon and Marshall (1968) and MacCrimmon, Marshall and Gots (1970). Where S. gairdneri and S. trutta have been introduced together the two species separate thermally with S. trutta in the cooler higher latitude and altitude streams. The success of the species has been limited by its lesser suitability for aquaculture with the result that introductions have remained primarily for sporting purposes. This trout has also been implicated in the decline of local species of fish particularly in New Zealand where it Galaxlas divergens and G. argenteus have largely disappeared from waters where brown trout are present (McDowall, 1984).
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Ethiopia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Reputedly established in some highland streams. | ||
|
To: Kenya |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1921, 1949 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Lesotho |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Breeding populations in some high cold lakes. | ||
|
To: Madagascar |
From: France |
Year: 1926 |
|
Reason: Sport, aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: In mountain streams above 1 700 m. | ||
|
To: Malawi |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1907 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: South Africa |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1891 (Natal), 1894 (Cape) |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Not as successful as S. gairdneri but numerous breeding populations established in high mountain rivers of Natal and Cape. | ||
|
To: Swaziland |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1914 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Zimbabwe |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1927 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Asia | ||
|
To: India |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1900 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Found in streams in Kashmir and Himalchal Pradesh where it is appreciated for angling. | ||
|
To: Indonesia |
From: Netherlands |
Year: 1929 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Japan |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1900 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Only present in Chezayi L.; Further distribution limited as fish is not popular with Japanese. | ||
|
To: Pakistan |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1906 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Populations present in the Lutkoh R. and other upland streams. | ||
|
To: Sri Lanka |
From: Europe |
Year: 1882 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Stocks maintained by stocking annually; some natural spawning in high altitude streams. | ||
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1970 |
|
Reason: Angling and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Distribution limited to some small upland streams. | ||
|
North America | ||
|
To: Canada |
From: Scotland |
Year: 1884 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established throughout Canada. | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: Europe |
Year: 1883 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Well established in many waters. The species is greatly appreciated and is widely reared and stocked. | ||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Species established in Tasmania, New South Hales, Victoria and South Australia (MacKinnon, 1987). | ||
|
To: Fiji |
From: New Zealand |
Year: 1920 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
Comments: Not established. | ||
|
To: Hawaii |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1935 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Attempts to establish this species in the Hawaiian islands failed. | ||
|
To: New Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Widespread and abundant in rivers; the main sporting species in the country. | ||
|
To: Papua New Guinea |
From: Australia |
Year: 1949 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established in highland areas in the centre of the country where it has a modest potential for food and tourism (West and Glucksman, 1976). | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1904 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture; angling |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Found in all suitable lakes and rivers in Patagonia. | ||
|
To: Bolivia |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1939 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: damaged native Orestias populations: Established in high Andean streams and small stock present in L. Titicaca. | ||
|
To: Chile |
From: Europe |
Year: 1905 |
|
Reason: Sport, aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: More or less continuous between 30° and 42° S. Not as abundant as S. Gairdneri but found in somewhat colder waters. | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1892 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Ecuador |
From: Chile |
Year: 1950, 1959 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |
From: U.K. | |
|
Year: 1955 |
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: May have led to decline of native galaxiid species: Sought after sport fish mainly in estuaries and coastal lagoons. | ||
|
To: Panama |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Useful in highland areas of Western Panama. | ||
|
To: Peru |
From: Chile |
Year: 1928, 1939 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Small stock in L. Titicaca and other highland lakes. | ||
Native range: isolated populations in Northern U.K., Scandinavia and the Alps
The charr is a species of clear cool lakes in Northern Europe. It has been used to stock lakes outside its native range, usually with little success. Introductions into some French alpine lakes represent a westward extension of its central European range.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1970 |
|
Reason: Angling and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Some isolated populations persist although the species was not adopted for aquaculture due to its slow growth. | ||
|
To: Denmark |
From: Sweden |
Year: 1955 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Species artificially maintained in one hatchery to supply demand for eyed ova. | ||
|
To: France |
From: Switzerland, Scandinavia |
|
|
Year: Repeated introductions |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Reason: Stocking alpine lakes |
| |
|
Comments: Established in L. Annecy, Lakes of Haute Savoie, L. Leman and their inflowing rivers. | ||
|
To: Ireland |
From: Iceland |
Year: 1971 |
|
Reason: Accidental transfer with salmon eggs |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Died out. |
|
|
|
To: Netherlands |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1920s |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Not established. | ||
|
To: Yugoslavia. |
From: Switzerland, Austria |
Year: 1928, 1943 |
|
Reason: Fill a vacant niche |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Populations established in three lakes only. | ||
Native range: Northeastern North America
Although native to the Northeastern parts of the U.S. and Canada the brook trout has been widely transplanted within both countries and now occupies mast of the West coast as well. The species has been introduced widely for angling and some aquaculture (see HacCrimmon and Scott-Campbell, 1969 and MacCrimmon, Gots and Scott-Campbell, 1971). Introductions have met with variable success both in terms of establishment of stocks and popularity as a sport or food fish in the countries concerned.
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Kenya |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in one river in the Aberdare mountains. | ||
|
To: South Africa |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1950 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Maintained in only one hatchery, insignificant. | ||
|
To: Zimbabwe |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1955 |
|
Reason: |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: A few populations exist in suitable habitats but not widespread. | ||
|
Asia | ||
|
To: India |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1963 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in some trout farms in Kashmir. | ||
|
To: Japan |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1901 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Naturalized in several areas. | ||
|
Asia/Europe |
||
|
To: U.S.S.R. |
From: Unknown |
Year: Before 1914 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Europe |
||
|
To: Austria |
From: Germany |
Year: 1970 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Naturalized populations in many lakes. |
||
|
To: Belgium |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1890s |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Very limited distribution and due to its delicacy it is disappearing. |
||
|
To: Bulgaria |
From: Czechoslovakia |
Year: 1930 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Cyprus |
From: Italy |
Year: 1971 |
|
Reason: Angling and aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Species gave disappointing results and attempts to establish it were abandoned. |
||
|
To: Czechoslovakia |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1890 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Is established in some waters. |
||
|
To: Denmark |
From: Germany |
|
|
Year: 1895, 1896, 1902, 1903 |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Reason: Aquaculture and introduction into natural waters |
||
|
Comments: Well established in fish farms and in the upper reaches of some streams. Interest in the species has declined since 1940. |
||
|
To: Finland |
From: Germany, Denmark, U.S.A. |
|
|
Year: 1895, 1965 |
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
|
Comments: Limited to some aquaculture installations. |
||
|
To: France |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1932, 1977 |
|
Reason: To fill a vacant niche, |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: One permanent population in a lake of the Eastern Pyrenees but in regression. Some stocks maintained in fish farms. |
||
|
To: Germany |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1890 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Generally regarded as desirable and a better quality sport fish than local alternatives. |
||
|
To: Greece |
From: Unknown |
Year: |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Hungary |
From: Germany |
Year: Before 1940 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Italy |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: After 1895 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in very few streams. |
||
|
To: Netherlands |
From: Unknown |
Year: Before 1883 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
To: Norway |
From: Denmark |
Year: 1870 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in only one watercourse: Useful for certain types of acid water where it survives better than local species. |
||
|
To: Poland |
From: Germany |
Year: 1890s |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established in very few water bodies. |
||
|
To: Rumania |
From: Austria |
Year: Before 1900 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Some self-breeding stocks occur. |
||
|
To: Spain |
From: France |
Year: 1934 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Sweden |
From: Germany, Denmark |
Year: 1872 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established all over the country and has replaced trout in some streams. |
||
|
To: Switzerland |
From: Germany |
Year: 1883 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Some self-breeding populations. |
||
|
To: U.K. |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1869-71 |
|
Reason: Angling and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Numerous populations in aquaculture ponds. Several long established wild populations in highland areas of Scotland and Wales. The species is very popular with anglers. |
||
|
To: Yugoslavia |
From: Austria |
Year: 1892 |
|
Reason: Angling and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Very few remnant populations occur. |
||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Hawaii |
From: California |
Year: 1876 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Attempts to establish this species in the Hawaiian islands failed (Maciolek, 1984). | ||
|
To: New Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Widespread but locally distributed. Mostly small fish of no interest. | ||
|
To: Papua New Guinea |
From: Australia |
Year: 1974 |
|
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Some fry were released into the Magarima R. in the Southern Highlands but their fate is unknown. | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1904 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture; sport |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Naturalized in nearly all suitable lakes and rivers in Patagonia. Very successful sports fish. | ||
|
To: Bolivia |
From: Chile |
Year: 1948 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Some populations occur in the wild. | ||
|
To: Chile |
From: Canada |
Year: |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Widespread in mountainous areas (Campos Cereda, 1970). | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1955 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Apparently unsuccessful. | ||
|
To: Ecuadoã |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Mexico |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Angling and food |
|
Reproducing: No |
|
Comments: Apparently unsuccessful. | ||
|
To: Peru |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1955 |
|
Reason: To occupy a vacant niche in high altitude rivers | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Established in lakes and streams above 2 500 m. | ||
|
To: Venezuela |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1937 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in Andean rivers | ||
Native range: Japan and Eastern Russian seaboard
The Japanese sub-species of a Siberian charr which is of no particular interest even in its native range. introduction into Germany F.R. was for experimental aquaculture.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Germany F.R. |
From: Japan |
Year: 1977 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Held in only one experimental aquaculture station. | ||
Native range: Northern North America
The lake trout has a wide natural distribution in the colder waters of North America penetrating up to the Arctic. Several attempts have been made to utilize the cold resistance of this species by introducing it to high latitude or high altitude sites in Europe, New Zealand and Latin America. These attempts have met with little success and have resulted in a few isolated populations being established in large deep lakes in the Alps, Scandinavia, New Zealand and Argentina.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Denmark |
From: U.S.A., Sweden | |
|
Year: 1961, 1962, 1974 |
| |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and attempt to establish wild stock | ||
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
| |
|
Comments: Held in one hatchery only. The demand for the species was not high so attempts to establish it were discontinued. | ||
|
To: Finland |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1955 |
|
Reason: Establish stocks in regulated waters |
| |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
|
Comments: Stocks in some large lakes maintained by regular stocking. | ||
|
To: France |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1963-78 |
|
Reason: To fill a vacant niche |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
|
Comments: No sign of establishment in high alpine lakes as yet. | ||
|
To: Germany F.R. |
From: U.S.A., Switzerland |
Year: 1888, 1978 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Very local populations are present. | ||
|
To: Sweden |
From: North America |
Year: 1959 |
|
Reason: To fill a vacant niche |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Not successful as the species can maintain itself only in a very limited area. | ||
|
To: Switzerland |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1888 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Isolated populations occur in high altitude alpine lakes. | ||
|
To: U.K. |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1928, 1931 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Population wiped out by pollution. | ||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Mew Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: One high altitude South Island lake. | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1904 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Some individuals in poor condition persist in L. Argentina (Fuster de la Plaza et al., 1954). | ||
|
To: Bolivia |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1936, 1944 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Attempts to acclimatize this species to L. Titicaca failed. | ||
|
To: Peru |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1940 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
Native range: Jordan, Nile and Niger systems
Many sub-species of S. galilaeus have been recognized and the species is a very important component of catches throughout its extensive natural range, despite its use in aquaculture in Africa and Israel the species has not been introduced outside of its range except for one attempt, probably unsuccessful, to establish it in ponds in South Africa.
|
Africa | ||
|
To: South Africa |
From: Israel |
Year: 1962 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Not known |
|
Native range: West African coastal lagoons
S. melanotheron has been a popular aquarium fish and has also been used extensively as an experimental subject in laboratories. It has never been seriously considered as a species for culture although its salinity resistance makes it an ideal subject for rearing in coastal lagoons. Few deliberate introductions have been made with the species although there have been some escapes from aquariums.
|
Asia/Europe | ||
|
To: U.S.S.R. |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Not known |
|
|
Comments: (Ivoylov, 1986) |
|
|
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: West Africa |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Accidental release from aquariums |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Breeding populations recorded in Florida. Fairly aggressive but not destructive (Courtenay and Robins, 1973). | ||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Hawaii |
From: Continental U.S.A. |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
Native range: Europe except for Spain and North Scandinavia
The rudd is of little value in its native Europe where it is subject to occasional sport fishing or is used for bait. Reasons for its introduction outside its native range are obscure and attempts have generally proved unsuccessful. In New Zealand, where populations have become established, the species is considered a pest.
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Morocco |
From: France |
Year: 1935 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Tunisia |
From: France |
Year: 1965 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: Europe |
Year: 1919 |
|
Reason: Introduced by private citizens | ||
|
Reproducing: Unknown (Courtenay and Hensley, 1980) | ||
|
Comments: Possibly established in New York, New Jersey and Wisconsin. | ||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: New Zealand |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Species designated noxious: Widespread. | ||
Native range: Zambezi R. system
This large predatory cichlid has been used for stocking dams in its native Malawi and Zambia and Zimbabwe mainly to control stunted populations of tilapias and for sport. The species was also introduced into Swaziland where one population persists.
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Swaziland |
From: Malawi |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Stocking |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: A population survives in the Sand R. Dam. | ||
Native range: Rivers of the Amazon basin and the Guianas
Several species of piranha have appeared from time to time as escapees from aquariums in the U.S. (e.g. S. rhombeus and S. nattereri) but these have never become established. One population of S. humeralis did however set up a breeding population in Dade County, Florida and had to be eradicated in 1981 (Shafland and Foote, 1979).
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A |
From: Brazil |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Escape from aquariums |
Reproducing: Yes | |
Native range: Rivers of South America
|
Asia | ||
|
To: Sri Lanka |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Ornamental fish culture |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: A piranha of undetermined species has invaded many Sri Lankan rivers. | ||
Native range: Eastern Europe
The sheat fish or wels is by far the largest European freshwater fish and is of considerable value both as a commercial and sporting species. It is predatory and proposals for its introduction into other European waters have always been hotly debated. Nevertheless the species has been transplanted into a number of countries but with little success.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Belgium |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1983 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Cyprus |
From: Yugoslavia |
Year: 1979 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Only a very small number survived the transfer and were stocked into a private dam. | ||
|
To: Denmark |
From: Germany, Sweden |
Year: 1881, 1964 |
|
Reason: To establish a subsistence fishery and re-establish species in wild. | ||
|
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
|
Comments: Species became extinct in Denmark in 1799 and efforts have been made to reintroduce it. It is not, however, considered particularly desirable as it could damage existing species. | ||
|
To: Italy |
From: Danube River |
Year: 1986 |
|
Reason: Release from aquaculture installation |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
|
Comments: Specimens of wels were introduced to the Po valley by accident with batches of Chinese carps intended for aquaculture. When the mistake was discovered the Individuals were discharged into the Po River. | ||
|
To: U.K. |
From: Danube |
Year: 1864. 1880. 1906 |
|
Reason: Diversification of fish fauna for angling | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Present in Borne waters in Southern England but only marginally successful (Wheeler and Maitland, 1973). | ||
Native range: Eastern Europe and Western Asia
The pike-perch or zander is a valuable commercial fish over its range. Its qualities as a sporting species have led to its introduction into a number of European countries. Introductions have usually been hotly debated due to the predatory nature of the fish but in all countries to which it has been successfully introduced it is regarded as a valuable addition to the fauna especially by anglers and fishery managers if not always by conservationists.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Denmark |
From: Germany, Sweden |
|
|
Year: 1879, 1913, 1915, 1936 |
Reason: Angling | |
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Well established in lakes and rivers from all over the country. | ||
|
To: France |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1912, 1958 |
|
Reason: Initially accidental, later to fill a vacant niche | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Abundant in the Rhone and its tributaries where it is highly appreciated for its taste and sporting qualities. | ||
|
To: Germany |
From: Eastern Europe |
Year: 1800s |
|
Reason: To fill a vacant niche, for commercial and recreational fisheries. | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Highly successful and better than indigenous species. | ||
|
To: Italy |
From: France. Eastern Europe |
Year: 1964-66, 1975 |
|
Reason: Sport and to fill a vacant niche |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Established in Tiber R. and considered very successful. | ||
|
To: Netherlands |
From: Germany |
Year: 1800s |
|
Reason: By diffusion along Rhine R. system |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Very successful and still spreading but may be responsible for a decline in Esox lueliis. | ||
|
To: U.K. |
From: Germany, Sweden |
|
|
Year: 1878, 1900, 1960 |
Reason: Angling |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Established in many southern rivers particularly Great Ouse but spreading naturally and by further introductions. Highly appreciated by anglers but not conservationists. Evidence of decline in native Esox lucius and Perca fluviatilis (Linfield and Rickards, 1979) | ||
Native range: Central and Eastern Canada and Eastern U.S.A.
The walleye is the North American homologue of the zander and is equally popular as a sporting and commercial species. One introduction made by accident into U.K. waters was unsuccessful.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: D.K. |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1925 |
|
Reason: Accident |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Stock probably eliminated by pollution. | ||
Native range; China, in gorges of the White Cloud Mountains
The white cloud mountain minnow is a warm temperate species Chat is popular with aquarists. The species has appeared in Colombia, presumably after escapes from an aquarium rearing facility.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Sear: Unknown |
|
Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
