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Book (series)The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024
Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms
2024Six years from 2030, hunger and food insecurity trends are not yet moving in the right direction to end hunger and food insecurity (SDG Target 2.1) by 2030. The indicators of progress towards global nutrition targets similarly show that the world is not on track to eliminate all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2). Billions of people still lack access to nutritious, safe and sufficient food. Nevertheless, progress in many countries provides hope of the possibility of getting back on track towards hunger and malnutrition eradication. Implementing the policies, investments and legislation needed to revert the current trends of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition requires proper financing for food security and nutrition. Despite a broad agreement on the urgent need to increase financing for food security and nutrition, the same cannot be said for a common understanding regarding how this financing should be defined and tracked. The report provides a long-awaited definition of financing for food security and nutrition and guidance for its implementation. There are recommendations regarding the efficient use of innovative financing tools and reforms to the food security and nutrition financing architecture. Establishing a common definition of financing for food security and nutrition, and methods for its tracking, measurement and implementation, is an important first step towards sustainably increasing the financing flows needed to end hunger, food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition, and to ensure access to healthy diets for all, today and tomorrow. -
Book (stand-alone)The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges 2017
Also available in:
No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021. -
Book (series)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024
Blue Transformation in action
2024The 2024 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture features the Blue Transformation in action, illustrated by activities and initiatives, led by FAO in collaboration with Members, partners and key stakeholders, to integrate aquatic foods into global food security and sustainability, enhance policy advocacy, scientific research and capacity building, disseminate sustainable practices and technological innovations, and support community involvement. Part 1 of this edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture benefits from significant improvements in data collection, analytical and assessment tools and methodologies to present the most up-to-date review of world fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization. Part 2 highlights the role of FAO and its partners to catalyse the transformational changes required to support aquaculture expansion and intensification, effective management of global fisheries and upgrading of aquatic value chains. Part 3 covers the high-impact challenges and opportunities of the untapped potential of utilizing whole fish and by-products to improve food security and nutrition, expounds on the role of aquatic food systems in providing critical climate, biodiversity and environmentally sound solutions, and highlights the importance of their integration into national and multilateral processes. It also presents an outlook on future trends up to 2032 based on projections. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 provides the most up-to-date and evidence-based information, supporting policy, scientific and technical insights on challenges, opportunities and innovations shaping the present and future of the sector, for the benefit of a wide and expanding audience of policymakers, managers, scientists, fishers, farmers, traders, civil society activists and consumers. -
Book (series)El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2024
Financiación para acabar con el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición en todas sus formas
2024A falta de seis años para que venza el plazo de 2030, las tendencias del hambre y la inseguridad alimentaria todavía no avanzan en la dirección adecuada para acabar con el hambre y la inseguridad alimentaria (meta 2.1 de los ODS) para 2030. Los indicadores de los progresos hacia el cumplimiento de las metas mundiales en materia de nutrición muestran asimismo que el mundo no va camino de eliminar todas las formas de malnutrición (meta 2.2 de los ODS). Miles de millones de personas siguen careciendo de acceso a alimentos nutritivos, inocuos y suficientes. Sin embargo, los progresos registrados en muchos países infunden esperanza en que es posible volver al camino hacia la erradicación del hambre y la malnutrición.Con objeto de poner en práctica las políticas, inversiones y leyes necesarias para invertir las actuales tendencias del hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición será preciso financiar debidamente la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Aunque es amplio el acuerdo suscitado por la urgencia que reviste financiar la cuestión de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, no cabe decir lo mismo en cuanto a la comprensión común de la manera de definir esta financiación y darle seguimiento. En el informe figura la esperada definición de financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como orientación para su aplicación.En el informe figuran recomendaciones respecto del uso eficiente de instrumentos innovadores de financiación y de reformas de la arquitectura de la financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. El establecimiento de puntos en común en relación con la definición de la financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como de los correspondientes métodos de seguimiento, medición y aplicación, es un primer paso importante hacia el aumento sostenible de los flujos de financiación necesarios para acabar con el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y todas las formas de malnutrición y garantizar el acceso a dietas saludables para todos hoy y mañana. -
DocumentNon-wood news
An information bulletin on Non-Wood Forest Products
2007Also available in:
No results found.Behind the new-look Non-Wood News is the usual wealth of information from the world of NWFPs. The Special Features section covers two different aspects of NWFPs: a specific product (bamboo) and a developing market (cosmetics and beauty care). Bamboo is versatile: it can be transformed, for example, into textiles, charcoal, vinegar, green plastic or paper and can also be used as a food source, a deodorant, an innovative building material and to fuel power stations. Reports indicate that natural c osmetics and beauty care are a huge global market, with forecasts indicating an annual growth of 9 percent through 2008. The Special Feature on Forest cosmetics: NWFP use in the beauty industry builds on this and includes information industry interest and marketing strategies (consumers are being drawn to natural products and thus their content is emphasized). As can be seen from the articles on shea butter in Africa and thanakha in Myanmar, many societies have always used and benefited from nat ural cosmetics. This issue includes other examples of traditional knowledge, such as the uses of the secretions of a poisonous tree frog in Brazil and the use by the traditional healers in India of allelopathic knowledge. -
Book (series)The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024
Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms
2024Six years from 2030, hunger and food insecurity trends are not yet moving in the right direction to end hunger and food insecurity (SDG Target 2.1) by 2030. The indicators of progress towards global nutrition targets similarly show that the world is not on track to eliminate all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2). Billions of people still lack access to nutritious, safe and sufficient food. Nevertheless, progress in many countries provides hope of the possibility of getting back on track towards hunger and malnutrition eradication. Implementing the policies, investments and legislation needed to revert the current trends of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition requires proper financing for food security and nutrition. Despite a broad agreement on the urgent need to increase financing for food security and nutrition, the same cannot be said for a common understanding regarding how this financing should be defined and tracked. The report provides a long-awaited definition of financing for food security and nutrition and guidance for its implementation. There are recommendations regarding the efficient use of innovative financing tools and reforms to the food security and nutrition financing architecture. Establishing a common definition of financing for food security and nutrition, and methods for its tracking, measurement and implementation, is an important first step towards sustainably increasing the financing flows needed to end hunger, food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition, and to ensure access to healthy diets for all, today and tomorrow. -
Book (stand-alone)The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges 2017
Also available in:
No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021. -
Book (series)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024
Blue Transformation in action
2024The 2024 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture features the Blue Transformation in action, illustrated by activities and initiatives, led by FAO in collaboration with Members, partners and key stakeholders, to integrate aquatic foods into global food security and sustainability, enhance policy advocacy, scientific research and capacity building, disseminate sustainable practices and technological innovations, and support community involvement. Part 1 of this edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture benefits from significant improvements in data collection, analytical and assessment tools and methodologies to present the most up-to-date review of world fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization. Part 2 highlights the role of FAO and its partners to catalyse the transformational changes required to support aquaculture expansion and intensification, effective management of global fisheries and upgrading of aquatic value chains. Part 3 covers the high-impact challenges and opportunities of the untapped potential of utilizing whole fish and by-products to improve food security and nutrition, expounds on the role of aquatic food systems in providing critical climate, biodiversity and environmentally sound solutions, and highlights the importance of their integration into national and multilateral processes. It also presents an outlook on future trends up to 2032 based on projections. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 provides the most up-to-date and evidence-based information, supporting policy, scientific and technical insights on challenges, opportunities and innovations shaping the present and future of the sector, for the benefit of a wide and expanding audience of policymakers, managers, scientists, fishers, farmers, traders, civil society activists and consumers. -
Book (series)El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2024
Financiación para acabar con el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición en todas sus formas
2024A falta de seis años para que venza el plazo de 2030, las tendencias del hambre y la inseguridad alimentaria todavía no avanzan en la dirección adecuada para acabar con el hambre y la inseguridad alimentaria (meta 2.1 de los ODS) para 2030. Los indicadores de los progresos hacia el cumplimiento de las metas mundiales en materia de nutrición muestran asimismo que el mundo no va camino de eliminar todas las formas de malnutrición (meta 2.2 de los ODS). Miles de millones de personas siguen careciendo de acceso a alimentos nutritivos, inocuos y suficientes. Sin embargo, los progresos registrados en muchos países infunden esperanza en que es posible volver al camino hacia la erradicación del hambre y la malnutrición.Con objeto de poner en práctica las políticas, inversiones y leyes necesarias para invertir las actuales tendencias del hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición será preciso financiar debidamente la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Aunque es amplio el acuerdo suscitado por la urgencia que reviste financiar la cuestión de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, no cabe decir lo mismo en cuanto a la comprensión común de la manera de definir esta financiación y darle seguimiento. En el informe figura la esperada definición de financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como orientación para su aplicación.En el informe figuran recomendaciones respecto del uso eficiente de instrumentos innovadores de financiación y de reformas de la arquitectura de la financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. El establecimiento de puntos en común en relación con la definición de la financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como de los correspondientes métodos de seguimiento, medición y aplicación, es un primer paso importante hacia el aumento sostenible de los flujos de financiación necesarios para acabar con el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y todas las formas de malnutrición y garantizar el acceso a dietas saludables para todos hoy y mañana. -
DocumentNon-wood news
An information bulletin on Non-Wood Forest Products
2007Also available in:
No results found.Behind the new-look Non-Wood News is the usual wealth of information from the world of NWFPs. The Special Features section covers two different aspects of NWFPs: a specific product (bamboo) and a developing market (cosmetics and beauty care). Bamboo is versatile: it can be transformed, for example, into textiles, charcoal, vinegar, green plastic or paper and can also be used as a food source, a deodorant, an innovative building material and to fuel power stations. Reports indicate that natural c osmetics and beauty care are a huge global market, with forecasts indicating an annual growth of 9 percent through 2008. The Special Feature on Forest cosmetics: NWFP use in the beauty industry builds on this and includes information industry interest and marketing strategies (consumers are being drawn to natural products and thus their content is emphasized). As can be seen from the articles on shea butter in Africa and thanakha in Myanmar, many societies have always used and benefited from nat ural cosmetics. This issue includes other examples of traditional knowledge, such as the uses of the secretions of a poisonous tree frog in Brazil and the use by the traditional healers in India of allelopathic knowledge. -
Book (series)The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024
Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms
2024Six years from 2030, hunger and food insecurity trends are not yet moving in the right direction to end hunger and food insecurity (SDG Target 2.1) by 2030. The indicators of progress towards global nutrition targets similarly show that the world is not on track to eliminate all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2). Billions of people still lack access to nutritious, safe and sufficient food. Nevertheless, progress in many countries provides hope of the possibility of getting back on track towards hunger and malnutrition eradication. Implementing the policies, investments and legislation needed to revert the current trends of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition requires proper financing for food security and nutrition. Despite a broad agreement on the urgent need to increase financing for food security and nutrition, the same cannot be said for a common understanding regarding how this financing should be defined and tracked. The report provides a long-awaited definition of financing for food security and nutrition and guidance for its implementation. There are recommendations regarding the efficient use of innovative financing tools and reforms to the food security and nutrition financing architecture. Establishing a common definition of financing for food security and nutrition, and methods for its tracking, measurement and implementation, is an important first step towards sustainably increasing the financing flows needed to end hunger, food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition, and to ensure access to healthy diets for all, today and tomorrow. -
Book (stand-alone)The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges 2017
Also available in:
No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021. -
Book (series)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024
Blue Transformation in action
2024The 2024 edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture features the Blue Transformation in action, illustrated by activities and initiatives, led by FAO in collaboration with Members, partners and key stakeholders, to integrate aquatic foods into global food security and sustainability, enhance policy advocacy, scientific research and capacity building, disseminate sustainable practices and technological innovations, and support community involvement. Part 1 of this edition of The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture benefits from significant improvements in data collection, analytical and assessment tools and methodologies to present the most up-to-date review of world fisheries and aquaculture production and utilization. Part 2 highlights the role of FAO and its partners to catalyse the transformational changes required to support aquaculture expansion and intensification, effective management of global fisheries and upgrading of aquatic value chains. Part 3 covers the high-impact challenges and opportunities of the untapped potential of utilizing whole fish and by-products to improve food security and nutrition, expounds on the role of aquatic food systems in providing critical climate, biodiversity and environmentally sound solutions, and highlights the importance of their integration into national and multilateral processes. It also presents an outlook on future trends up to 2032 based on projections. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 provides the most up-to-date and evidence-based information, supporting policy, scientific and technical insights on challenges, opportunities and innovations shaping the present and future of the sector, for the benefit of a wide and expanding audience of policymakers, managers, scientists, fishers, farmers, traders, civil society activists and consumers. -
Book (series)El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2024
Financiación para acabar con el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición en todas sus formas
2024A falta de seis años para que venza el plazo de 2030, las tendencias del hambre y la inseguridad alimentaria todavía no avanzan en la dirección adecuada para acabar con el hambre y la inseguridad alimentaria (meta 2.1 de los ODS) para 2030. Los indicadores de los progresos hacia el cumplimiento de las metas mundiales en materia de nutrición muestran asimismo que el mundo no va camino de eliminar todas las formas de malnutrición (meta 2.2 de los ODS). Miles de millones de personas siguen careciendo de acceso a alimentos nutritivos, inocuos y suficientes. Sin embargo, los progresos registrados en muchos países infunden esperanza en que es posible volver al camino hacia la erradicación del hambre y la malnutrición.Con objeto de poner en práctica las políticas, inversiones y leyes necesarias para invertir las actuales tendencias del hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y la malnutrición será preciso financiar debidamente la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Aunque es amplio el acuerdo suscitado por la urgencia que reviste financiar la cuestión de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, no cabe decir lo mismo en cuanto a la comprensión común de la manera de definir esta financiación y darle seguimiento. En el informe figura la esperada definición de financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como orientación para su aplicación.En el informe figuran recomendaciones respecto del uso eficiente de instrumentos innovadores de financiación y de reformas de la arquitectura de la financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. El establecimiento de puntos en común en relación con la definición de la financiación para la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como de los correspondientes métodos de seguimiento, medición y aplicación, es un primer paso importante hacia el aumento sostenible de los flujos de financiación necesarios para acabar con el hambre, la inseguridad alimentaria y todas las formas de malnutrición y garantizar el acceso a dietas saludables para todos hoy y mañana. -
DocumentNon-wood news
An information bulletin on Non-Wood Forest Products
2007Also available in:
No results found.Behind the new-look Non-Wood News is the usual wealth of information from the world of NWFPs. The Special Features section covers two different aspects of NWFPs: a specific product (bamboo) and a developing market (cosmetics and beauty care). Bamboo is versatile: it can be transformed, for example, into textiles, charcoal, vinegar, green plastic or paper and can also be used as a food source, a deodorant, an innovative building material and to fuel power stations. Reports indicate that natural c osmetics and beauty care are a huge global market, with forecasts indicating an annual growth of 9 percent through 2008. The Special Feature on Forest cosmetics: NWFP use in the beauty industry builds on this and includes information industry interest and marketing strategies (consumers are being drawn to natural products and thus their content is emphasized). As can be seen from the articles on shea butter in Africa and thanakha in Myanmar, many societies have always used and benefited from nat ural cosmetics. This issue includes other examples of traditional knowledge, such as the uses of the secretions of a poisonous tree frog in Brazil and the use by the traditional healers in India of allelopathic knowledge.
Recently added
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BookletFAO elearning: major achievements for 2024
Strengthening capacity to face global challenges
2025Also available in:
No results found.This publication describes the activities and initiatives implemented by the elearning Academy in 2024. The year 2024 was an exceptionally productive and successful year for the FAO elearning Academy! The FAO elearning Academy has reached over 1 million professionals worldwide sinceits foundation, providing over 700 multilingual and certified courses, 95 of which were published in 2024 and offered as a global public good.In 2024, the FAO elearning Academy collected learner video testimonials. Through these, you can explore learner stories and appreciate the tangible impact of FAO’s e-learning courses on education and professional development worldwide. They are accessible through the Academy home page, with further links on pages 52–54 of this document.The FAO elearning Academy organized a series of international technical webinars in 2024 in collaboration with more than 50 partners, reaching over 2 000 participants worldwide. Itdesigned and delivered successful MOOCs and blended learning programmes and contributed to the creation of over 100 university master’s degree programmes.The FAO elearning Academy now hosts the FAO Four Betters Courses initiative, which promotes the integration of the FAO e-learning courses to enrich academic curricula and raise education standards. The aim is to better equip students and young professionals with the necessary competencies to actively contribute to the transformation of agrifood systems. -
Book (stand-alone)Curriculum for training of Multi-actors Agricultural Innovation Platform facilitators 2025
Also available in:
No results found.Mult-actors Agricultural Innovation Platform (MAIP) is established in rural communities where farmers and key value chain actors become empowered through participatory action research, knowledge co-creation and application, market linkages and so on. MAIPs, as a model for inclusive and collaborative innovation, are increasingly deployed in farmer communities to solve the last-mile bottleneck, namely, the empowerment of smallholder farmers and value chain actors to access innovation and services to drive field-level change. MAIP has been preliminarily tested and piloted in several FAO field projects and demonstrated great potential for scale-up. Field results showed that MAIPs facilitated small-scale producers, family farmers and other agrifood system actors to generate and access context-specific agricultural innovations and services. Facilitation has proved crucial for stimulating and underpinning interactions among MAIP actors. This is the key to supporting co-innovation and co-learning processes and enabling individuals or organizations to reflect on their experience and encourage critical thinking. Qualified MAIP facilitators, as value chain intermediaries and coordinators, usually come from specialized MAIP actors (e.g. researchers, extension agents, agricultural educationists, private-sector brokers, non-governmental organization (NGO) activists, traders and processors). They are normally trained through the specially designed training of MAIP facilitator course or through the implementation of a MAIP. This curriculum draws on the experience of the training course “Training of master trainers for establishing and operating Multi-actors Agricultural Innovation Platforms” co-organized by FAO and CAU on 11–15 July 2023. It serves as a useful tool for empowering MAIP facilitators to play a critical role in establishing and operating MAIPs. -
Book (stand-alone)Family poultry farming in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Georgia
Preliminary investigation report
2025Also available in:
No results found.This report explores the impact of rural poultry production on the livelihoods of smallholders in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. While contrasting perspectives between producers and ag/vet suppliers were documented, the research indicates that poultry production significantly contributes to the well-being of these communities in Europe and Central Asia. In Georgia, there is potential for substantial improvements in family poultry production and knowledge among producers and suppliers. Conversely, Bosnia and Herzegovina presents a more intricate challenge, requiring time to overcome direct and indirect hurdles to enhance the conditions of rural households.The report identifies a critical need for improved collaborations between government entities, suppliers, and producers, especially in disease surveillance for poultry. It underscores the absence of comprehensive data on the causes of poultry mortality, which affects producers of all scales. Addressing vaccine-preventable diseases through well-structured vaccination programmes could not only curb poultry loss but may also bolster confidence in human vaccines.Furthermore, the paper highlights the necessity of establishing robust cold chains, vaccination protocols, and responsible use of antimicrobials, which are vital for the long-term success of supplier enterprises and consumer trust. The study also suggests that enhancing community awareness about the nutritional benefits of chicken and eggs could significantly improve food security, particularly for vulnerable groups such as women and children.The involvement of women in poultry-related activities varied between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia, prompting the need for initiatives that cater to local needs and the ambitions of producers and suppliers. The report outlines specific recommendations for supporting smallholder poultry producers, with a focus on gender-inclusive practices, over the following 18 months and the subsequent three years, including the establishment of farmer groups and training in various aspects of poultry husbandry. -
Book (stand-alone)Report of the Improved Regional Fisheries Governance in Western Africa (PESCAO) Component 3 regional meeting
Abuja, Nigeria, 3–5 April 2023
2025Also available in:
No results found.This document is the report for the regional meeting held to discuss the results and lessons learnt from the PESCAO Programme. The meeting hosted by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) with financial support from the European Union convened 97 participants under the guise of the “Improved Regional Fisheries Governance in Western Africa” (PESCAO) Programme Component 3 “Improved management of marine resources at the regional level, and enhanced resilience of marine and coastal ecosystems to perturbations” in Abuja from 3 to 5, 2023. The objectives of the meeting were to (i) discus the improved science frameworks, improved science dissemination, improved stakeholder knowledge and collaboration for stakeholders involved in West Africa’s fisheries sector; (ii) showcase Component 3 activities, results and promote exchanges on fisheries research, fisheries management with stakeholders and policymakers in West Africa; (iii) establish a common approach of the status of fisheries knowledge in the West Africa region between implementers and partners and (iv) improve stakeholders' skills to better understand scientific advice and the dissemination of scientific advice for sustainable regional fisheries governance. -
Book (stand-alone)Review of stock assessment data and methods in the Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic area
Gap analysis and proposal of new approaches
2025Also available in:
No results found.This review summarizes the data and methodological gaps identified through the reports of the FAO working groups in the Fishery Committee for the Eastern Central Atlantic (CECAF) area. It highlights the need to improve data quality and assessment approaches appropriate to the existing data in the CECAF region. Improving data and access to existing data is a priority for the development and application of more advanced stock assessment models to strengthen the scientific advice provided and to support the CECAF Scientific Sub-Committee and the Committee.