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Book (series)GuidelinePractical Guidelines for the Use of Artificial Reefs in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
Studies and Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
2015Also available in:
No results found.Artificial reefs have been used for a long time around the world and have served many purposes ranging from habitat restoration, fish stock enhancement and fisheries management to research and recreation. At present, fish stock enhancement and fisheries management are the main reasons driving reef construction in the Mediterranean Sea, while habitat restoration is the main purpose for their use in the Black Sea. The increasing interest for artificial reefs has given rise to several concerns rega rding their possible negative impacts, due to the use of unsuitable materials and to waste dumping. Consequently, the need emerged over the past fifteen years to develop guidelines in order to support managers and scientists in the use of artificial reefs in European seas. Based on such existing guidelines, this document aims to further provide up‐to‐date information and guidance regarding specific management practices for the planning, siting, construction and anchoring of artificial reefs in t he Mediterranean and the Black Sea and for monitoring their effectiveness from an ecological and socio‐economic point of view. After providing an overview of existing definitions and legislations relating to the deployment of artificial reefs, this document illustrates the main aspects related to the different steps involved in the planning, siting and construction phases. A detailed presentation of the specific types and purposes of artificial reefs follows, with a description of their possible impacts and of existing methodologies to monitor and assess their effectiveness. Finally, these guidelines give insights about the socio‐economic effects of artificial reefs and control, surveillance and maintenance issues. -
MeetingMeeting documentReport of the GFCM Workshop on Artificial Reefs in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, Izmir, Turkey, 27 September 2013
GFCM Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC). Subcommittee on Marine Environment and Ecosystems (SCMEE). 27 September 2013, Izmir, Turkey
2013Also available in:
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Book (stand-alone)Technical studyTechnical guidelines for scientific surveys in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
Procedures and sampling for demersal (bottom and beam) trawl surveys and pelagic acoustic surveys
2020Also available in:
No results found.In the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the assessment of demersal stocks mainly relies on scientific surveys (bottom and beam trawl) while the assessment of pelagic stocks is essentially based on acoustic surveys using acoustic techniques with mid-water trawling. These routine surveys-at-sea provide essential information, which in turn are crucial to fine-tune the assessments of the status of resources and to estimate more precisely indicators at the population and fish community levels. However, survey practices differ from one subregion to another, each approach having its own strengths and limitations. In addition, there is still a lack of large-scale standardized surveys aimed at analysing the diversity and distribution of the main demersal and pelagic species across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. One way of tackling this issue is to carry out international scientific surveys covering the main demersal and pelagic stocks based on a common methodology. The methodology presented in this publication aims at supporting the planning and implementation of regional demersal (bottom and beam) trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys. It can be useful for the implementation of new surveys-at-sea in areas where demersal trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys are not regularly carried out. It can also contribute to increasing comparability between existing surveys thanks to the standardization of methods, sampling of catches and data recording and analysis. Finally, it represents a valuable tool to define minimum requirements towards sustainability and management objectives at the regional and subregional level.
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Book (series)GuidelinePractical Guidelines for the Use of Artificial Reefs in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
Studies and Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
2015Also available in:
No results found.Artificial reefs have been used for a long time around the world and have served many purposes ranging from habitat restoration, fish stock enhancement and fisheries management to research and recreation. At present, fish stock enhancement and fisheries management are the main reasons driving reef construction in the Mediterranean Sea, while habitat restoration is the main purpose for their use in the Black Sea. The increasing interest for artificial reefs has given rise to several concerns rega rding their possible negative impacts, due to the use of unsuitable materials and to waste dumping. Consequently, the need emerged over the past fifteen years to develop guidelines in order to support managers and scientists in the use of artificial reefs in European seas. Based on such existing guidelines, this document aims to further provide up‐to‐date information and guidance regarding specific management practices for the planning, siting, construction and anchoring of artificial reefs in t he Mediterranean and the Black Sea and for monitoring their effectiveness from an ecological and socio‐economic point of view. After providing an overview of existing definitions and legislations relating to the deployment of artificial reefs, this document illustrates the main aspects related to the different steps involved in the planning, siting and construction phases. A detailed presentation of the specific types and purposes of artificial reefs follows, with a description of their possible impacts and of existing methodologies to monitor and assess their effectiveness. Finally, these guidelines give insights about the socio‐economic effects of artificial reefs and control, surveillance and maintenance issues. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical reportGlobal status of salt-affected soils
Main report
2024Also available in:
No results found.Salt-affected soils, characterized by high soluble salts (saline) or exchangeable sodium (sodic), impact plant growth and occur globally, especially in arid and coastal regions. Salinization stems from natural causes (e.g. climate change, sea level rise) and human actions (e.g. poor irrigation practices, excessive water use). FAO’s Global Map of Salt-Affected Soils reveals that over 1 381 million hectares, 10.7 percent of global land, are affected, with Australia, Argentina and Kazakhstan among the most impacted countries. Increasing aridity and water demand amplify soil degradation risks, particularly in developing regions.Climate change and water scarcity threaten agricultural productivity, with substantial crop yield losses observed in saline areas. Halophytes and salt-tolerant crops provide a foundation for saline agriculture, yet many salt-affected soils remain unprotected and inadequately regulated. FAO’s INSAS (International Network of Salt-Affected Soils) underscores the need for updated data, harmonized salinity measurements, and sustainable management practices, with enhanced training and policy frameworks.Mitigation strategies like improved drainage, soil amendments, and the cultivation of salt-tolerant plants are recommended. Key recommendations include scaling sustainable practices, investing in salt-tolerant crop markets, improving data collection and water quality monitoring, conserving ecosystems, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. Such integrated efforts aim to boost food production and resilience in affected regions while protecting vital ecosystems. -
DocumentOther document南南合作与三方合作 - 修订版 2014世界各国越来越 认识并肯定南南合作 与三方合作是促进农 业发展的有效手段。 南南合作作为南北合 作的有益补充被广 泛接受，达到应对共 同挑战，实现粮食安 全、减贫和自然资源 可持续管理的目的。 南南合作是指全球南部 国家间就知识、经验和良好做 法、政策、技术、专门知识和 资源等发展方案进行相互分享 交流进行的合作。 三方合作是指两个或多个 发展中国家与第三方合作的伙 伴关系，第三方主要是发达国 家/传统捐助方、新兴经济体 或多边组织，以分享关键的发 展解决方案--知识、能力、专 业技能、经验和良好实践、政 策、技术和资源。
-
Book (series)GuidelinePractical Guidelines for the Use of Artificial Reefs in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
Studies and Reviews. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
2015Also available in:
No results found.Artificial reefs have been used for a long time around the world and have served many purposes ranging from habitat restoration, fish stock enhancement and fisheries management to research and recreation. At present, fish stock enhancement and fisheries management are the main reasons driving reef construction in the Mediterranean Sea, while habitat restoration is the main purpose for their use in the Black Sea. The increasing interest for artificial reefs has given rise to several concerns rega rding their possible negative impacts, due to the use of unsuitable materials and to waste dumping. Consequently, the need emerged over the past fifteen years to develop guidelines in order to support managers and scientists in the use of artificial reefs in European seas. Based on such existing guidelines, this document aims to further provide up‐to‐date information and guidance regarding specific management practices for the planning, siting, construction and anchoring of artificial reefs in t he Mediterranean and the Black Sea and for monitoring their effectiveness from an ecological and socio‐economic point of view. After providing an overview of existing definitions and legislations relating to the deployment of artificial reefs, this document illustrates the main aspects related to the different steps involved in the planning, siting and construction phases. A detailed presentation of the specific types and purposes of artificial reefs follows, with a description of their possible impacts and of existing methodologies to monitor and assess their effectiveness. Finally, these guidelines give insights about the socio‐economic effects of artificial reefs and control, surveillance and maintenance issues. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical reportGlobal status of salt-affected soils
Main report
2024Also available in:
No results found.Salt-affected soils, characterized by high soluble salts (saline) or exchangeable sodium (sodic), impact plant growth and occur globally, especially in arid and coastal regions. Salinization stems from natural causes (e.g. climate change, sea level rise) and human actions (e.g. poor irrigation practices, excessive water use). FAO’s Global Map of Salt-Affected Soils reveals that over 1 381 million hectares, 10.7 percent of global land, are affected, with Australia, Argentina and Kazakhstan among the most impacted countries. Increasing aridity and water demand amplify soil degradation risks, particularly in developing regions.Climate change and water scarcity threaten agricultural productivity, with substantial crop yield losses observed in saline areas. Halophytes and salt-tolerant crops provide a foundation for saline agriculture, yet many salt-affected soils remain unprotected and inadequately regulated. FAO’s INSAS (International Network of Salt-Affected Soils) underscores the need for updated data, harmonized salinity measurements, and sustainable management practices, with enhanced training and policy frameworks.Mitigation strategies like improved drainage, soil amendments, and the cultivation of salt-tolerant plants are recommended. Key recommendations include scaling sustainable practices, investing in salt-tolerant crop markets, improving data collection and water quality monitoring, conserving ecosystems, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. Such integrated efforts aim to boost food production and resilience in affected regions while protecting vital ecosystems. -
DocumentOther document南南合作与三方合作 - 修订版 2014世界各国越来越 认识并肯定南南合作 与三方合作是促进农 业发展的有效手段。 南南合作作为南北合 作的有益补充被广 泛接受，达到应对共 同挑战，实现粮食安 全、减贫和自然资源 可持续管理的目的。 南南合作是指全球南部 国家间就知识、经验和良好做 法、政策、技术、专门知识和 资源等发展方案进行相互分享 交流进行的合作。 三方合作是指两个或多个 发展中国家与第三方合作的伙 伴关系，第三方主要是发达国 家/传统捐助方、新兴经济体 或多边组织，以分享关键的发 展解决方案--知识、能力、专 业技能、经验和良好实践、政 策、技术和资源。