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Stepwise Approach for the Progressive Control of Brucellosis (SAPCB)

A resource to support brucellosis prevention, control and elimination














El-Idrissi, A., Shadomy, S, Rozov, O., Ward, D., Qiu, Y. & Song, J., eds. 2025. Stepwise Approach for the Progressive Control of Brucellosis (SAPCB) – A resource to support brucellosis prevention, control and elimination. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual, No. 32. Rome.



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    Progressive control pathways provide a stepwise, measurable approach to disease control and, potentially, eradication. Surveillance systems must be capable of providing useful information to document programme progress, assessing intervention efforts, and the achievement of interim outcomes. This document demonstrates a practical surveillance approach that progressesfrom measuring broad disease epidemiology and risk factors to specifically evaluating intervention options and documenting low disease prevalence. The process focusses on aligning practical surveillance components with disease programme outcomes while focusing on foot-and-mouth disease as an example.
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    An economic analysis was performed to assess the cost of brucellosis to households, to the public, and to livestock production in Georgia. The burden of brucellosis on the humanpopulation was estimated from data on morbidity, duration of the disease, treatment as outpatient or inpatient, and lost income. Lost profit in animal production was estimated fromthe effect of abortion and reduced milk yield on gross margins of infected animals. The cost–benefit analysis focused on the net monetary gain associated only with vaccination strategiesfor brucellosis prevention and control. The effectiveness of proposed control measures was compared using spreadsheet models, estimating the number of vaccinated animals in thepopulation over time, and the development of a mathematical model to estimate the number of infected animals over time according to vaccination scenarios.Seven selected scenarios were thoroughly analysed, starting with the projected immunity they confer to the ruminant population, predicted effectiveness in reducing the disease burden, and comparison of costs and benefits and related indicators such as net present value, cost–benefit ratio, and internal rate of return. Recommendations are given.

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    The ability of diagnostic laboratories to detect and characterize infectious agents, and therefore to support the prevention and management of health threats, is frequently constrained by lack of skilled personnel, accurate and consistent laboratory methods and quick data exchange systems.To address these gaps, FAO, in 2010, developed the Laboratory Mapping Tool (LMT) to aid laboratory assessment, and in particular to assess the functionality and capacities of veterinary laboratories.
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    Brucellosis remains a major source of disease in domesticated animals, wildlife and humans. Although reported incidence and prevalence of the disease vary widely from country to country, bovine brucellosis caused mainly by Brucella. abortus is still the most widespread form. In sheep, goats and humans, brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis is by far the most important clinically apparent disease. Brucellosis is still a major disease problem in the Mediterranean region, western Asia, parts of Africa and Latin America. The zoonotic significance of Brucellosis requires concerted efforts at control through intersectoral collaboration between the Ministiries of Agriculture and Health. Such collaboration will depend to a large extent on the availabilty of science based information collected through efficient surveillance systems for the purpose of designing practical and feasible control strategies to reduce prevalence of the disease and where feasible, eradicate it. These guidelines ha ve been prepared with that aim. They have been developed by reviewing programmes in countries that have successfully controlled and eradicated Brucellosis as well as those countries in which the disease is still endemic. In using these giudelines for human and animal brucellosis surveillance it must be emphasised, that what has been successful in one country may not necessarily be successful in another based on factors such as level of control of animal movement and socio-cultural practices and habits. It is therefore suggested that these guidlines be modified to suit prevailing local conditions and animal management systems.