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Book (stand-alone)Evolution of global agrifood trade and trade policy and implications for nutrition 2025
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No results found.While international agrifood trade is critically relevant for the availability and supply of food across many countries, import tariffs are a policy instrument with relatively modest potential to steer consumers towards purchasing more nutritious food. Employing a number of newly developed datasets, this research project examines patterns and developments in the links between agrifood trade and nutrition and assesses how trade policy shapes food prices. The analysis is undertaken at a global level with a focus on the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region, a set of countries which is particularly dependent on agrifood imports. The results show that agrifood imports are a critical source of calories, macro-nutrients as well as vitamins and minerals for most countries in the world. On the supply side, a small number of countries account for the bulk of globally traded calories and nutrients. These findings show that calorie and nutrient availabilities are shaped significantly by global trade. With regard to how import tariffs affect the relative prices of foods with different nutritional characteristics, econometric estimations suggest that on average import tariffs have only a relatively modest effect on the relative prices of different foods. The concentration patterns of caloric and nutrient supply in a small number of supplying countries reinforce calls to diversify global food markets and trade. As for trade policy options, the modest effects of tariffs suggest that exploring other domestic and trade policy options would be necessary to significantly improve nutritional outcomes. -
DocumentThe climate implications of agricultural policy reform 1997
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No results found.This paper discusses the role of the agriculture sector as a source and a sink of emissions both globally and in OECD countries, summarises recent trends in agricultural policies in OECD countries and discusses the relationships between agricultural practices and emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O). For each agricultural practice which is a source or sink of GHGs the implications of recent agricultural policy measures are discussed. Finally, stressing certain caveats an d areas where further information is needed, initial conclusions are made as to the impacts of recent agricultural policy reforms on net emissions of GHGs. The analysis of this paper is on the effects of agricultural policy reform measures at the regional /national level. Changes in agricultural production practices as a result of policy reforms may reduce emissions from a particular country or region particularly if the principal impact of these reforms is to reduce levels of production. Howeve r these benefits may be offset by increased production and emissions in other countries. Ultimately, because climate change impacts are not influenced by the location of GHG emissions there is a need for the impacts of OECD agricultural policy reforms to be assessed at the global scale. However, because information on the national impacts on GHGs of agricultural policy reforms is relatively limited and only now being developed, information with which to estimate global effects is even more limit ed. Incorporating this type of information into global models which evaluate the impacts of policy reforms on agricultural production patterns may be a first step towards providing some information on the potential global effects of these reforms. -
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