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Estimating the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy from household consumption and expenditure surveys











Moltedo, A., Álvarez-Sánchez, C., Troubat, N. & Cafiero, C. 2022. Estimating the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy from household consumption and expenditure surveys. FAO Statistics Working Paper Series, No. 30. Rome, FAO. 



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    Diet and nutrition are critical to health, well-being and longevity. The economic and health burdens associated with poor quality diets are a worldwide concern, but for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the long-term impact of these burdens has the potential to be especially devastating. Many of these LMICs are currently grappling with the deepening multiple burdens of malnutrition, with undernutrition, nutrient inadequacies, and overweight and obesity often presenting simultaneously in communities, households and even in single individuals. Time-relevant data is a necessary and critical component of any process or initiative that aims to ensure healthy diets. Robust data on what people eat in a country enables an understanding of current food consumption practices, and provides an evidence-based foundation for the design and implementation of targeted and well informed actions, policies and messaging to address the key issues related to healthy eating.The purpose of this report is to take stock and celebrate the collection and use of dietary data in LMICs, and generate further momentum for investment in government-led dietary surveys in LMICs. Section 1 provides a global overview of dietary surveys carried out in LMICs from 1980 through 2019, analysing key characteristics and trends over time. Section 2 celebrates the increased investment in dietary surveys in LMICs by highlighting country stories related to dietary survey initiation, implementation and data use. Section 3 is aimed at generating further momentum for investment in government-led dietary surveys in LMICs by illustrating, through data visualizations, the type of information dietary data can provide for policy makers.
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    Individual-level quantitative dietary data can provide suitably disaggregated information to identify the needs of all population sub-groups, which can in turn inform agricultural, nutrition, food safety, and environmental policies and programs. The purpose of this discussion paper is to provide an overview of dietary surveys conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1980 to 2019, analyzing their key characteristics to understand the trends in dietary data collection across time. The present study analyzes the information gathered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Global Individual Food consumption data Tool (FAO/WHO GIFT). FAO/WHO GIFT is a growing repository of individual-level dietary data and contains information about dietary surveys from around the world, collected through published survey results, literature reviews, and direct contact with data owners. The analysis indicates an important increase in the number of dietary surveys conducted in LMICs in the past four decades and a notable increase in the number of national dietary surveys. It is hoped that this trend continues, together with associated efforts to validate and standardize the dietary methods used. The regular implementation of dietary surveys in LMICs is key to support evidence-based policies for improved nutrition.
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    Dietary data provide critical information to guide the design of evidence-based nutrition and agriculture policies and programmes. Such information is especially crucial in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition to having the highest levels of undernutrition globally, these countries are now also seeing dramatic changes in dietary patterns, with diets shifting increasingly away from a “traditional diet”, towards a diet more heavily influenced by processed, packaged and energy-dense foods with little nutrient content. As a method for collecting data on what people eat, nationally representative, quantitative 24-hour dietary recall surveys are considered the gold standard, but they are expensive, time-consuming and require specialized technical expertise to carry out. Thus, despite the clear need for dietary data in LMICs, the number of such countries with nationwide dietary data available to guide the design of policies and programmes remains relatively low. This report provides a summary and highlights from a technical meeting on “Dietary Data Collection, Analysis and Use: Taking Stock of Country Experiences and Promising Practices in Low- and Middle-Income Countries”, jointly convened by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Intake Center for Dietary Assessment, on December 11–13, 2019 at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy. The meeting, which brought together experts from 20 LMICs across different regions of the world, aimed overall to promote South–South learning, cross-regional networking, and the sharing of experiences with national (or large-scale), government-led, government-owned, quantitative 24-hour dietary recall surveys in LMICs.

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