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Results-based public management: Tools for the design and implementation of public rural development programs with a project cycle approach

Module 1: Diagnosis








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    Book (stand-alone)
    Results Based Public Management: Tools for the design and implementation of public rural development programs with a project cycle approach management
    Module 3: Implementation and Monitoring
    2014
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    The establishment of objectives or expected outcomes of public policy takes place at the time of designing the programs or projects that will implement such public policy. However, no matter how well designed a program or project is that is not sufficient to achieve the results sought. A good design of the program or project is a necessary condition that is complemented with its proper implementation in order to achieve the outcomes and impacts sought. Nevertheless, it is common to observe that the implementation of a program or project is inadequate, presenting a variety of areas for improvement. For example, the budgeting of programs or projects is generally done by inertia based on adjustments to the previous year’s budget, but without considering the dimensions of the problem to be resolved or the size of the target population to be addressed, or the intended duration of the program or project, which according to best practices should end once the situation that gave it origin is r esolved. It is also common to observe that the regulation of a program or project diverges from its design, which does not contribute to achieving the outcomes sought with the implementation of such program.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Results Based Public Management: Tools for the Design and Implementation of Public Rural Development Programs with a Project Cycle Approach
    Module 2: Design
    2014
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    Since the Marrakech Round Table in 2004, the international community has supported five specific commitments related to improving the effectiveness of development assistance1, synthesized in the concept of “Managing for Development Results”. This implies taking into account from the beginning of any initiative, project or program the expected outcomes and how to achieve them. Furthermore, the implementation, progress monitoring, and subsequent evaluation should consider the expected outcomes tha t were established at the beginning of the process. In this regard, there is a great challenge for developing countries to adopt a new vision. This means breaking with old customs and patterns in the manner of handling the project cycle, changing from a focus on addressing demand to a planning process for achieving specific outcomes, established from the beginning. While there is no single approach, since each country, each sector and each project presents particular situations, there are experi ences that can be systematized and shared. The preparation of a set of tools for results based management responds to the need to break with inertial operating schemes of public development programs in the majority of countries, which do not contemplate efficiency and efficacy in achieving results. The absence of such an approach implies that substantial resources are spent without a timeframe for resolving the problems that the public interventions are intended for. The document “Results based public management: Tools for the design and implementation of public rural development programs with a project cycle approach” includes the four phases of the life cycle of a project or program. The second module presents the procedure and methodological tools for the design of a program or project which will be synthesized in the Logical Framework. In this module the methodology is shown for conducting the objectives analysis and the alternatives analysis, constructing performance indicators, i dentifying the means of verification, identifying risk and assumptions, and collecting counterfactual data for a baseline of the performance indicators of the program or project.
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    DNA-based molecular diagnostic techniques: research needs for standardization and validation of the detection of aquatic animal pathogens and diseases.
    Report and proceedings of the Expert Workshop on DNA-based Molecular Diagnostic Techniques: Research Needs for Standardization and Validation of the Detection of Aquatic Animal Pathogens and Diseases. Bangkok, Thailand, 7-9 February 1999.
    2000
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    In efforts to limit trans-boundary movement of pathogens and reduce the economic and socioeconomic impact of disease in aquaculture, there is considerable scope for more effective use of DNA-based methods of pathogen detection. These technologies offer rapid results with potentially high sensitivity and specificity, at relatively low cost. Recognition of these advantages has led to rapid adoption of available DNA-based tests, particularly in shrimp culture for which histological procedures lack specificity and culture-based methods have not been possible. However, few if any of the available tests have been assessed appropriately against other diagnostic methods or standardized and validated for specified applications. In fish and shrimp, type or strain specificity of most tests for pathogens in the Asian region is poorly understood and, in molluscs, there is little information on the significant pathogens and few tests of any kind have been developed. Furthermore, tests presently avai lable are frequently conducted by technicians who may not be sufficiently aware of the need for stringent test protocols or the meaning and limitations of the data generated. Implementation of standardized practices that produce reliable, useful and comparable data will require a significant investment in research, training and infrastructure development. Effective implementation will also be assisted by enhanced communication between aquatic animal health practitioners in the region and scienti sts with expertise in molecular diagnostic technologies. This review recommends development by FAO/NACA of 2 programs of managed cooperative research to assist more effective use of DNA-based detection tests. Program A should focus on improving the knowledge base by identification of new and emerging pathogens, relating pathogens in the region to those described elsewhere, and defining the extent of genetic variation between related pathogens in the region. Program B should draw on information currently available or obtained from Program A to develop suitably specific DNA-based diagnostic methods and to evaluate and validate the methods for disease diagnosis and pathogen screening programs. To increase the availability of scientists and technicians with skills in pathology and molecular diagnostic technologies, the review also recommends development of FAO/NACA-sponsored training programs for staff from key laboratories in the region. Training priorities should be in: i) the use of standard histopathological methods for health screening of fish and molluscs; and ii) the use of standard DNA-based methods for pathogen detection including sample collection, application of test protocols and the analysis and interpretation of test results. Because of the urgency of disease problems and the availability of suitable tests, training in DNA-based methods should focus initially on detection of shrimp pathogens. The review also recommends the development of a laboratory accredita tion program in order to achieve standardization of sampling methods and test procedures. The establishment of reference laboratories will assist accreditation for each of the major pathogens. Laboratory accreditation and training programs should complement the activities of OIE in obtaining internationally agreed test standards for molecular diagnostic technologies.

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