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BookletDisaster risk financing for anticipatory action in Pakistan
Technical report
2024Also available in:
No results found.A key consideration for the effective integration of anticipatory action (AA) into disaster risk management (DRM) is the financing of AA related costs. AA interventions have been shown to have the potential to contribute to the overall cost effectiveness of disaster related spending, making disaster risk financing (DRF) go further. Planning, preparing and implementing AA poses specific build costs associated with building the necessary capacities and systems, and fuel costs associated with activating pre agreed plans upon reaching a pre-defined trigger. In Pakistan, build costs and fuel costs for AA interventions to date have been largely donor financed. This technical paper assesses entry points and opportunities for integrating AA into government systems witha focus on public DRF. Despite limited evidence of effective mainstreaming into public DRF systems, significant entry points exist and can be leveraged. Pakistan’s overarching policy and regulatory frameworks governing DRM, in particular the National Disaster Management Act (2010), provide policy space for financing costs of threatening disasters. Ongoing reforms of the country’s DRF architecture (in the context of the National DRF Strategy Formulation in particular) provide a timely opportunity for AA mainstreaming. Elements of build finance are already being provided not only through project based external finance, but also via Pakistan’s annual development budgets, which could be further scaled up to build and maintain AA systems.Given the inherent need for AA fuel finance to be made available quickly upon trigger activation, it is potentially more suitable to make finance available close to the level where impacts are felt and AA is taken. The analysis includes a specific case study focused on Sindh province. The paper identifies some key opportunities for mainstreaming AA into public systems at the national and provincial levels. -
Book (stand-alone)Regional mapping of anticipatory action capacities in the Near East and North Africa agricultural sector 2025
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No results found.The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region faces a growing number of complex, overlapping and compounding hazards that are undermining livelihoods, deepening food insecurity and slowing economic development. Increasingly frequent and severe climate extremes – such as droughts, flash floods, heatwaves – are converging with transboundary plant and animal diseases, protracted conflicts and economic volatility. These risks disproportionately impact the agricultural sector, which remains a cornerstone of rural livelihoods and food systems in the region. In this context, anticipatory action (AA) offers a promising, proactive approach to reduce disaster impacts by taking early action ahead of predictable shocks. Enabled by advances in climateforecasting, hazard modelling, and early warning systems, AA involves acting before a crisis unfolds. It uses pre-agreed triggers, protocols, and financing mechanisms to mitigate risks to lives and livelihoods. While AA is gaining traction in the NENA region, especially within humanitarian sectors, its integration into the agricultural domain remains limited and fragmented. Agricultural producers are often targeted as vulnerable recipients of humanitarian aid, rather than as essential actors whose protection is key to safeguarding food systems, rural economies, and national stability.This report argues for a strategic expansion of AA to more systematically include the agricultural components, to place it at the intersection of humanitarian response and long-term climateadaptation. It emphasizes early protection of production systems – livestock, crops, fisheries and natural resources – before forecasted shocks occur. By focusing on proactive risk reduction for agriculture, AA for agriculture offers a dual benefit: preserving rural livelihoods and protecting food supply chains, especially in fragile or climate-vulnerable areas.The Thirty-seventh Session of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Regional Conference for the Near East and North Africa (NERC37) recognized the urgency of this approach, calling for increased investment in AA systems for the agricultural sector. Priority areas include multihazard early warning systems (MHEWS), forecast-based financing mechanisms, agricultural insurance schemes, and links to social protection programmes. Yet significant gaps remain. Drawing on a comprehensive literature review, interviews with key stakeholders, and regional online survey data, this report provides a detailed mapping of existing AA initiatives, agricultural hazards, and delivery capacities in the NENA region. It highlights governance, coordination, early warning, financing and delivery challenges, while identifying promising opportunities for expanding AA to better address agricultural hazards. -
BookletSimulating anticipatory action for tropical cyclones in Fiji
Learning highlights
2025Also available in:
No results found.Fiji was selected as a pilot country for a coordinated anticipatory action initiative, funded by the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) and managed by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). The selection followed the first Pacific Anticipatory Action Week, where representatives from 15 governments and key regional development partners came together to chart a collective path forward.The Anticipatory Action Framework for Tropical Cyclones in Fiji is a multi-sector, multi-partner initiative led by the National Disaster Management Office, with coordination support from OCHA. It brings together a range of United Nations agencies, including FAO, WFP, UNICEF, IOM, UN Women, UNFPA, WHO, and UNDRR, alongside the Fiji Red Cross Society (FRCS) and other humanitarian and government partners.This brief highlights key lessons learned from the collaboration between FRCS and FAO during a simulation exercise conducted in June 2024. Focusing on the agriculture and fisheries sectors, the simulation provided valuable insights into the anticipatory action process, its application with local communities, and opportunities for scaling the approach.
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