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Book (stand-alone)The impact of trade openness on the cost and affordability of a healthy diet
Background paper for The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2024
2025Also available in:
No results found.This study examines how trade openness affects the cost and affordability of healthy diets using cross-country data on food prices linked to nutritional composition. Using retail price data collected from 175 countries in the context of the 2017 cycle of the World Bank’s International Comparison Program, the research investigates whether trade openness correlates with lower food prices and if this effect varies for healthier products. The analysis confirms that lower trade barriers are associated with reduced food prices, consistent with standard international trade theory. This finding holds across different measures of trade openness and levels of analysis. Importantly, results show no evidence that international trade disproportionately affects processed food prices or makes healthy options relatively more expensive. -
Book (series)Methods for monitoring the affordability of a healthy diet 2024
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No results found.This study updates the methods for monitoring the affordability of a healthy diet, calculated semiannually by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Bank. The new affordability method described provides a valuable advance for the global monitoring of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet. From the initial method introduced in 2020 to the healthy diet basket approach introduced in 2022 and now the inclusion of the cost of basic non-food needs in 2024, this food access indicator has developed and matured rapidly. -
Book (series)Methods for monitoring the cost of a healthy diet based on price data from the International Comparison Program 2024
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No results found.The cost of a healthy diet (CoHD) and the affordability indicators – namely the prevalence (PUA) and the number (NUA) of people unable to afford a healthy diet – measure economic access to adequate food aligned with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations’ (FAO) definition of food security. This paper describes and validates methods to compute the cost of a healthy diet in the gap years between the International Comparison Program (ICP) publication cycles using food inflation, or general inflation if food inflation data are not available. It also shows that adjusting energy requirements based on different demographics leads to minor changes in cost (less than 3 percent) and requires extra computational and data inputs while complicating the meaning of the indicator, and therefore is not recommended. Inflation data provide unbiased estimates at the global, regional and income group level for the short term, but this method may not capture accurate diet cost changes at the individual country or territory level. Higher frequency retail price data at the food item level are needed for more accurate and timely monitoring at the country or territory level.
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