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Book (stand-alone)GuidelineGuidelines on monitoring antimicrobial use at the farm level
Regional Guidelines for the Monitoring and Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, Use and Residues in Food and Agriculture – Volume 5
2023Also available in:
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health threat to humans, animals, plants and the environment. One of the key drivers of AMR is the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in animal production, including in aquaculture. Therefore, monitoring the use of antimicrobials in farm animals is essential to mitigate AMR. The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, founded as OIE) has been collecting data, mainly coming from national sales and imports records of antimicrobials, from its members on antimicrobial agents intended for use in animals since 2015. To complement this information and improve decision-making, farm-level antimicrobial use (AMU) data are needed, as it allows for better understanding of how antimicrobials are used in the field. Therefore, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP), the WOAH Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific (WOAH RRAP) and the WOAH Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia (WOAH SRR-SEA) developed a joint guideline on Monitoring antimicrobial use at the farm level. The guideline provides detailed guidance on establishing a farm-level AMU monitoring system:- conducting a situational analysis;
- establishing an operational mechanism;
- technical preparation.
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Poster, bannerPoster / banner / roll-up / folderTraining on the use of the validated protocol for estimation of antimicrobial usage (AMU) at the farm level 2022
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BookletCorporate general interestSurveillance data of the Indian Network for Fishery and Animal Antimicrobial Resistance (INFAAR)
An analytical report 2019–2022
2024Also available in:
No results found.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now recognized as a major global public health problem which has been aggravated by the irrational use of antimicrobial agents in human and animal health as well as the presence of these agents in the environment. AMR in animal pathogens makes disease treatments ineffective, increases the severity of the disease, reduces productivity and leads to economic losses. In addition, more than half the quantity of antimicrobials used in animals/fish is excreted as waste contaminating soil, water and the environment. This also contributes to the emergence and spread of AMR through selection pressure on microorganisms in the environment. Besides, antimicrobial usage (AMU) can lead to presence of antimicrobial residues in edible animal/fish products which could become a public health risk. Understanding the dynamics of AMR and its surveillance can only be done through quality laboratory services.Laboratory-based surveillance is an integral part of Objective 2 of the National Action Plan of India (2017–2021), which was developed in alignment with the Global Action Plan for AMR.The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), with technical assistance from FAO, has established a network of its institutions, the Indian Network for Fishery and Animal Antimicrobial Resistance (INFAAR), to generate nationally representative surveillance data on AMR.
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (series)Working paperImpact of mastitis in small scale dairy production systems 2014
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No results found.Mastitis is the most prevalent production disease in dairy herds worldwide and it is well documented as disease with a heavy burden in developed countries, while very limited information is available for developing countries. This paper reviews the existing literature on the topic of mastitis to assist in the analysis of its occurrence in developing countries, focusing on small-scale farming systems and to provide information on the economic dimension of the disease in resource-poor environments . To the author’s knowledge, there are no pertinent published studies and so the purpose here is to summarize most of the data available on mastitis in resourcepoor environments, with a focus on small-scale producers. The papers reviewed show a significant prevalence of the disease throughout numerous herds in different countries in Africa and Asia, especially in its sub-clinical form. Economic estimates were limited to a few countries and conducted with disparate methodologies. Another issue hi ghlighted is the lack of awareness among farmers of the subclinical form of the disease, and this aspect is of fundamental importance because of the possibility of spreading infectious agents through the herd. The lack of medical treatment means, as demonstrated, an increase in the occurrence of mastitis cases on the farm, a consistent decrease in milk yield (up to 33% per quarter infected), a public health risk due to consumption of unsafe milk, and less efficient processing of milk. The data c ollected and organized can be used as a starting point to concentrate future efforts on the study and control of mastitis and its impact in developing countries, with a focus on its relevance for vulnerable small-scale farmer households.