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Book (series)Fisheries management. 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. 2.2 The human dimensions of the ecosystem approach to fisheries 2009These Guidelines have been developed in response to requests for further information on the practical adoption and application of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF), with a special focus on its human dimensions. As implementation of EAF is a human pursuit and takes place in the context of societal goals and aspirations, the human forces at play need to be understood and considered – these include policies, legal frameworks, social structures, cultural values, economic principles , institutional processes and any other relevant form or expression of human behaviour. Human dimensions play four main roles in EAF: (1) social, economic and institutional objectives and factors are driving forces behind the need for EAF management; (2) the costs and benefits to individuals and to society of applying the EAF have social, economic and institutional impacts and implications; (3) the application of social, economic and institutional instruments are all crucial for succ essful implementation of the EAF; and (4) social, economic and institutional factors present in fishery systems can play either supporting or constraining roles in EAF implementation.
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Book (series)Bycatch in longline fisheries for tuna and tuna-like species: a global review of status and mitigation measures 2014
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No results found.This publication is the third in a series on bycatch in global tuna fisheries. Dealing with longline fisheries, its scope is defined taxonomically to comprise only non-tuna and non-tuna-like species. The history of longline fishing illustrates the role of new technologies, the expansion of fishing grounds, and the operational characteristics of the fleets in shaping today’s fishery. More recently, management regulations, the price of oil, the cost of labour, and market demand have also exerted a n influence. No more than 23 percent of the tuna in each ocean is longline-caught. However, there may be up to 7 500 tuna longliners globally with almost 60 percent of them less than 24 m in length. Available data suggest that elasmobranch catches have fallen 14 percent since their peak in 2003. In longline fisheries, shark catch rates may be determined by bait type, soak time, hook shape, leader length and material, depth at which the hook is fished, and whether special gear is deployed to targ et sharks. Vulnerability to hooking, and resilience to haulback and handling, vary by species, size, area and fleet operational practices. Tuna regional fisheries management organizations (t-RFMOs) assess the status of shark populations but data limitations often hinder firm conclusions. There is little information on the implementation or effectiveness of finning bans and no-retention measures. Mitigation measures have been tested but results vary. Six of the seven species of sea turtles are th reatened with extinction, and while longline fisheries may have less impact than net-based fisheries, significant populationlevel impacts may be occurring in some regions. The greatest concern is associated with loggerhead–longline interactions in the Atlantic. Circle hooks and using finfish bait have proved effective mitigation techniques either by reducing hooking or hook swallowing. Other methods require further development. Interactions with pelagic longline fisheries kill 50 000–100 000 sea birds annually. Many of these species, particularly albatrosses, are threatened with extinction. Recent advances in tracking technologies have facilitated mapping of where interactions are most likely. The Western and Central Pacific contains more than 45 percent of the global total albatross and giant petrel breeding distributions. The most promising mitigation methods appear to be night setting, side-setting, line weighting and streamer lines, but further research is needed. All five t-RFMOs r equire use of one or more of these methods in areas that overlap albatross distributions. However, compliance data are limited and improved observer coverage is essential. Marine mammals’ interactions with longline fisheries are detrimental to the fishery but may be positive or negative for the mammals. Although it is often unclear which species are involved, pilot whale interactions in the western Atlantic and false killer whale interactions off Hawaii have triggered national mitigation plans. No t-RFMO has adopted management measures for marine mammal interactions. Research and testing of mitigation measures continue in order to ameliorate both marine mammal impacts and economic losses to industry from depredation. At least 650 species of other bony fishes may be caught in association with pelagic longline fisheries, e.g. dolphinfish, opah, oilfish, escolar and ocean sunfish. Some of these stocks are important as local food supplies. However, it is unclear whether these stocks or the ecosystem they help structure is at risk. More attention should focus on improving fishery statistics and initiating basic monitoring of these stocks’ status. The diversity of pelagic longline gear designs and fishing methods, the variety of habitats they are deployed in, the thousands of marine species they may interact with, v and the different mechanisms and behaviours that govern those interactions provide an array of topics to be addressed in any discussion of bycatch mitigation. Scientifi c and technical issues in mitigation including effects across taxa, effects of combinations of measures, economic and safety considerations, underlying biological mechanisms, handling and post-release mortality, and non-fishery impacts must all be addressed. In addition, it is also necessary to consider issues such as who takes the lead for ensuring mitigation is sufficient for the population as a whole, how to devise effective mitigation implementation strategies, and whether gear modification should be used in concert with more sweeping measures. -
Book (series)Dimensions humaines de l’approche écosystémique des pêches : une vue d’ensemble du contexte, des concepts, outils et méthodes 2010
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Ce document a pour but de fournir une meilleure compréhension du rôle des composantes économiques, institutionnelles et socioculturelles dans le processus d’approche écosystémique des pêches (AEP) et d’examiner certaines méthodes et approches potentielles qui pourraient faciliter l’adoption d’une gestion écosystémique de la pêche. Il explore à la fois le contexte humain d’une approche écosystémique des pêches et les dimensions humaines impliquées dans la mise en oeuvre d’une AEP. En ce qui concerne ces dernières, le rapport fournit des informations de base qu’il est essentiel de comprendre avant de s’engager dans une AEP, y compris une compréhension des concepts et des questions clefs, de l’évaluation sociale, culturelle et économique des écosystèmes aquatiques, ainsi qu’une compréhension des nombreuses considérations politiques, légales, institutionnelles, sociales et économiques en rapport avec l’AEP. En ce qui concerne le fait de faciliter la mise en oeuvre d’une AEP, le rapport traite d’une série d’aspects spécifiques: (1) définir les limites, l’échelle et le champ d’application de l’AEP; (2) évaluer les différents avantages et coûts impliqués, du point de vue social, économique, écologique et de gestion; (3) utiliser des outils de prise de décision appropriés dans l’AEP; (4) créer et/ou adopter des mesures incitatives internes et des arrangements institutionnels pour promouvoir, faciliter et financer l’adoption d’une gestion écosystémique de la pêche; et (5) trouver des approches externes (qui ne sont pas liées à la pêches) appropriées pour financer la mise en oeuvre d’une AEP.
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