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野生鸟类高致病性禽流感监测











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    全球根除小反刍兽疫计划
    2022
    小反刍兽疫秘书处、世界动物卫生组织野生动物工作组和小反刍兽疫全球研究和专家网络(GREN)已携手为野生动物的小反刍兽疫预防、疫情应对和控制制定指南,以供各国用于制定其小反刍兽疫国家战略计划。 本指南旨在帮助各国制定和实施消灭小反刍兽疫根除计划,包括可以适应国家全面需求以及促进将野生动物部门纳入国家战略计划的目标、政策和战略。 将野生动物部门纳入国家战略计划,可加强对野生动物种群的保护,并促进对野生动物-家畜互传疾病的管理。 建立一个多部门协调机制,对于在实现消除小反刍兽疫目标方面确保良好的治理和有效的合作至关重要。 本文件旨在提供一个可以根据特定国情及流行病学背景加以调整的概念框架。 此外,本指南虽然是专门针对消除小反刍兽疫而撰写的,但也可以在经改写后适用于野生动物-人-家畜互传的任何疾病。
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    活禽市场生物安全指南 2016
    该指南为提高活禽市场的生物安全提供了解决方案,特别关注将产生重大影响的地区。 该指南通过个案分析,强调如何提升活禽市场的生物安全,以降低疾病从家禽到家禽,以 及从家禽到人类的传播风险。 活禽市场被认为是禽流感病毒从活禽传播到人(商贩和顾客)的人畜共生传染源。尽管 在许多情况下,禽流感病毒会通过直接或间接接触传染,但其确切的传播路径尚属未知。 1997年以来,在市场里由家禽传播到人类的禽流感病毒被首次确认为甲型流感病毒 (H5N1)。一系列新出现的甲型流感病毒亚型使情况变得更加复杂,包括2013年3月被 首次确认的病毒H7N9亚型。从2013年3月开始,截止2014年4月,H7N9亚型已造成中国 470多起人类感染病例,对邻国和贸易伙伴造成威胁。 需要在活禽市场采取措施,以降低家禽和人感染此类病毒的可能性。 如果任何人因为在市场中工作或去过活禽市场而感染来源于禽类的流感病毒,并患上 重病,这意味着控制和预防体系的失败。 因此,无论是何种市场类型,最重要的目标是,最大限度地降低在市场上销售的家 禽和市场环境对市场内商户和顾客造成的健康威胁。这一目标已在一些地方得以成功实 现,诸如香港特别行 政区和上海,这些地区采取了一系列措施(见下文),并且不惜一 切代价地落实和执行,防止人禽共患禽流感造成生命损失。 事实上,针对许多其他地区,尤其是对具有悠久的活禽交易历史,具有成熟活禽交易 市场和做法,资源却贫乏的城市和国家,最佳办法就是降低感染风险。在许多进行家禽 交易的现有市场或地区,配套设施多难以清洗和消毒。 世界卫生组织指出,在许多情况下,“市场产生资源的水平非常低,因而基本没有资 金用于维护和改善。所以,当务之急是识别真正造成公共健康风险并且需要立即引起关 注的问题,而不是那些能很好地解决但并不造成显著公众健康风险的问题,这一点极为 重要。” 1 在制定干预措施时,要格外注意可调配资源有限。这也意味着,要藉由制定出一套涵 盖不同类型活禽市场的单一标准来解决问题是不可行的。市场是多种多样的:从当地社 区或地区一级的市场实行间歇性营业,可能每天只卖10到50只活禽,到大型批发市场每 日家禽流通量数以万计,再到有多个摊位的大型零售市场,每天出售、屠宰、宰杀数百 只不同种类的家禽,存放家禽过夜,并且没有清空市场内家禽的休市日。 本指南提供的信息包含如何减少人畜共患禽流感病毒传入市场及 其传播和进一步扩散 到其他市场或地区,包括餐馆和住户的风险。 另有其他指南专门针对市场的卫生清洁,可作为额外信息以供参考(见参考文献)。
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    Brochure, flyer, fact-sheet
    Brochure
    诊断黄叶病热带第4型 从田间到实验室
    TR4全球网络 - 世界香蕉论坛倡议
    2021
    热带种族 4 (TR4) 存在的早期检测和诊断,结合受感染香蕉植株的快速破坏和农场限制,是控制和遏制致病真菌的唯一方法。如何诊断 TR4 的过程——从田间到实验室概述了农民/种植者可以采取的一些行动来识别 TR4 的症状。其中包括: 时刻关注 TR4;通知国家植物保护组织 (NPPO) 等当局报告任何可疑的 TR4 体征和症状;等待有关部门进行专门检查;促进样本的收集,这些样本可以被包装、贴上标签,并通过安全的监管链发送到专业实验室;并确保实验室测试,仅此一项就可以真正确认 TR4 爆发。该文件还概述了受 TR4 样症状折磨的植物的其他可能诊断。有时,最初被怀疑是 TR4 的东西结果证明是一种不同的疾病或自然现象。在任何情况下,所有疑似病例都应被视为具有潜在危险。

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    In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.
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    中国的粮食和农业生物学多样性国家报告 2019
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    These country reports are prepared as a contribution to the FAO publication, The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. The preparation of Country Reports provided an overview of existing information gaps and helped to establish a baseline information on biodiversity for food and agriculture. They also provided information on the role of biodiversity for food and agriculture in the provision of multiple ecosystem services. These country reports helped to address the following questions: • What is the state of the conservation and use of biodiversity for food security and nutrition, ecosystem services and sustainability? • What trends can be identified in the conservation and use of biodiversity for food and agriculture and in the effects of major drivers of change? • How can conservation and use of biodiversity for food and agriculture be improved and the contributions of biodiversity to food security and nutrition, ecosystem services, sustainability and the improvement of livelihoods of farmers, pastoralists, forest dwellers and fisher folk be enhanced?
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    Book (series)
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    小型鱼菜共生食物生产 – 鱼菜综合种养技术 2021
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