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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookGlobal macro-economic factors and key drivers impacting global food price volatility, domestic food prices, affordability, and accessibility of food
A paper produced for the G20 Taskforce on Food Security under the Presidency of South Africa
2025Also available in:
No results found.Global food prices became again a concern for policy makers in 2020. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic was followed closely by the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, posing two successive shocks to the global economy and agricultural markets in the context of recurrent weather adverse conditions. These events contributed to the deterioration of global food security. The FAO Food Price Index reached its highest historical level in March 2022, and while international food prices have since declined, they have not returned to pre-pandemic levels. The international community, including the G20, used several policy instruments to respond to these shocks. These included monetary, financial and trade policies.The present paper was prepared by FAO at the request of the G20 Presidency of the Republic of South Africa to inform the deliberations of the G20 Taskforce on Food Security in 2025. It discusses the drivers behind recent food price movements and inflation, their pass-through to domestic markets and puts forward policy responses that can help mitigate these effects. The present paper draws from previous FAO work and contains some findings from the 2025 edition of The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World – Addressing high food price inflation for food security and nutrition (SOFI 2025). For an extended analysis on this topic, readers may wish to refer to SOFI 2025. -
DocumentPolicy briefPrice Volatility in Agricultural Markets
Evidence, impact on food security and policy responses
2011Recent bouts of extreme price volatility in global agricultural markets portend rising and more frequent threats to world food security. To reduce countries’ vulnerability, policies should improve market functioning and equip countries to better cope with the adverse effects of extreme volatility. -
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
MeetingMeeting document
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.