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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookBorder and related measures in the context of adaptation and mitigation to climate change
The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO): Background paper
2018Also available in:
No results found.Although international trade is not specifically mentioned in the Paris Climate Agreement, trade can play a facilitating role in achieving the mitigation and adaptation objectives of signatories to the Agreement. Trade policies can also undermine those objectives. The focus of this paper is on examining how the facilitating role of trade can be achieved. One of the challenges created by the ‘bottom-up’ approach of self-declared national mitigation targets adopted in the Agreement is that if the economic costs of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are internalized in production and consumption, the implicit price of carbon will differ across countries. This creates the potential for trade distortions. Domestic mitigation policies in importers will almost inevitably result in some carbon leakage, i.e. offsets to reductions in domestic emissions through additional emissions generated in supplying imports. But an important distinction needs to be made between carbon reallocation and carbon misallocation resulting from changes in trade volumes. In the reallocation case, trade leads to a shift in production to lower-emitting producers thereby contributing to global mitigation. In the misallocation case, the opposite occurs. This paper analyses how various border measures, including border tax adjustments (BTAs) might be used to reduce potential carbon misallocation. The conclusion is that technical and legal constraints on the effective application of border measures for food and agricultural products to prevent carbon misallocation are extremely challenging and their use could open the door to protectionism. The use of carbon standards and labelling offers an alternative approach to reducing misallocation and promoting reallocation. It poses fewer technical difficulties and reduces the potential for legal challenges. An added advantage of labelling is that it can help to promote changes in consumption that will be needed to reduce the carbon footprint of food and agriculture. The use of the approach could be facilitated through the adoption of international standards for carbon measurement and labelling, such as those being developed through the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Labelling is not a panacea and may have limited effectiveness when consumers base their consumption decisions primarily on the basis of price. For this reason, the use of domestic policy measures that increase carbon efficiency in agriculture (reduce emissions per unit of output) and limit changes in land use that contribute to emissions will also be important for achieving mitigation aims under the Paris Agreement. An increasing number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) have incorporated environmental provisions, with the most common types of provisions focusing on environmental cooperation. Recent agreements recognise the importance of mutually supportive trade and environmental policies, and national commitments to multinational environmental agreements. RTAs could play a supporting role to the Paris Climate Agreement, by fostering international cooperation on climate mitigation measures in the context of freer trade. -
DocumentEvaluation reportEvaluation of FAO’s contribution to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Final Report October 2015
2015Also available in:
No results found.Climate change poses some of the most serious risks to agricultural production, food security, and the state of the world’s forests, fish stocks and water supply.1 Smallholder producers and the poor in the developing world are particularly vulnerable to the effects of more frequent and intense weather and climate events, thus complicating global efforts to promote long-term development through food security and poverty reduction. Considering the threat that climate change poses, FAO recently sta ted that addressing climate change will be among the Organization's top priorities over the next four years. -
DocumentEvaluation reportEvaluation of FAO’s contribution to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Final Report October 2015
2015Also available in:
No results found.Climate change poses some of the most serious risks to agricultural production, food security, and the state of the world’s forests, fish stocks and water supply.1 Smallholder producers and the poor in the developing world are particularly vulnerable to the effects of more frequent and intense weather and climate events, thus complicating global efforts to promote long-term development through food security and poverty reduction. Considering the threat that climate change poses, FAO recently sta ted that addressing climate change will be among the Organization's top priorities over the next four years.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookRapid woodfuel assessment 2017 baseline for the area around the city of Goré, Chad
Woodfuel supply/demand, associated multi-sectoral challenges and recommendations for a peaceful management of natural resources
2018Also available in:
The two waves of refugees from the Central African Republic has provoked one of the most severe humanitarian crises in Central Africa and in the South of Chad. The different camps around the city of Goré host a population of more than 90 000 individuals of which 35% are refugees, 21% are repatriates and 44% are autochthones. This population is dependent on woodfuel for cooking, heating and lighting. This has increased pressure on the environment due to tree felling, wood collection and the conversion of forestland to agricultural land. FAO and UNHCR initiated a joint rapid woodfuel assessment in May 2017 to determine the supply and demand of woodfuel resources in the area. The assessment had four components: 1) an assessment of the woodfuel demand for cooking, heating and economic activities 2) an identification of current technologies and practices in use for cooking and potential bioenergy feedstocks in the area of interest 3) an assessment of the potential woodfuel supply in the area of interest 4) and the establishment of recommendations for planning interventions to improve clean energy access, promote sustainable forest management, support afforestation and reforestation measures and contribute to building resilience of affected populations in the area around the city of Goré. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
BookletHigh-profileFAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 2022The FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 was endorsed by FAO Council in June 2022. This new strategy replaces the previous strategy from 2017 to better FAO's climate action with the Strategic Framework 2022-2031, and other FAO strategies that have been developed since then. The Strategy was elaborated following an inclusive process of consultation with FAO Members, FAO staff from headquarters and decentralized offices, as well as external partners. It articulates FAO's vision for agrifood systems by 2050, around three main pillars of action: at global and regional level, at country level, and at local level. The Strategy also encourages key guiding principles for action, such as science and innovation, inclusiveness, partnerships, and access to finance.