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Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetPolicy analysisGender dynamics in pesticide use and management in Central Asia and Türkiye
Policy paper
2025Also available in:
Gender and age are critical sociodemographic determinants of pesticide use, management and exposure. This paper examines pesticide use among farmers and farm workers in Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Türkiye, based on farmer surveys and expert interviews conducted under the GEF/FAO project “Pesticide Life Cycle Management and Disposal in Central Asia and Türkiye” (GCP/SEC/011/GFF) in 2020 and 2021. Despite limitations in dataset representativeness and cross-country comparability, the findings underscore the roles of women and children in pesticide handling, an issue often overlooked in formal assessments. While pesticide application and decision-making are predominantly carried out by men, there is strong evidence of women’s and children’s exposure. Moreover, women’s overrepresentation in unpaid and informal agricultural labour translates into underreported pesticide application. Concerningly, due to financial barriers and mobility constraints, women rely on inexpensive and unregulated products available in their local communities. The study also highlights the widespread lack of personal protective equipment among both genders, further contributing to health risks. This paper identifies inadequate pesticide management practices, pinpointing significant risk factors and knowledge gaps throughout the pesticide life cycle among farming household members. These findings indicate an urgent need for improved pesticide management policies and targeted training programmes tailored to the needs of women and men. -
Book (series)Evaluation reportTerminal evaluation of the project "Disposal of obsolete pesticides including persistent organic pesticides, promotion of alternatives and strengthening pesticides management in the Caribbean"
Project code: GCP/SLC/204/GFF - GEF ID: 5407
2021Also available in:
No results found.Caribbean nations, in particular SIDS, have been traditionally vulnerable to the entry of potentially harmful, unregistered and unregulated pesticides. In many of these countries, the legislation and regulations for managing pesticides are fragmented and at various stages of development. Under the overall objective to promote sound management of pesticides in the Caribbean, the project kick-started various activities covering pesticide life-cycle management in the region, drafted a regional model pesticide legislation and facilitated different vital elements. It specifically contributed to the collection and shipment of obsolete pesticides (319 tonnes) from all 11 project countries and polychlorinated biphenyls (54 tonnes) from four countries. However, it has not been able to successfully replicate, scale up nationally and build capacities with government stakeholders evenly across all countries. Further follow-up and support are required to ensure sustainability and impact in the region and the project countries and thus the engagement of the private sector and civil society organizations will be critical. -
Book (series)Evaluation reportMid-term evaluation of “Disposal of obsolete pesticides including persistent organic pollutants, promotion of alternatives and strengthening pesticides management in the Caribbean”
GCP/SLC/204/GFF GEF ID: 5407
2019Also available in:
No results found.Declines in the sugarcane and banana industries of the Caribbean have resulted in an accumulation of disused pesticides. The adverse effect of agrochemicals, particularly pesticides, on human health and the environment is a global concern. The project ''Disposal of obsolete pesticides including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), promotion of alternatives and strengthening pesticides management in the Caribbean'' was implemented by FAO to promote the sound management of pesticides throughout their life-cycle in the Caribbean region, and reduce the risks they pose. The mid-term evaluation for this project, covering project design and implementation from November 2015 to April 2019, found that the most visible project achievement was the environmentally sound disposal of 319 tonnes of obsolete pesticides stocks, including POPs, from the 11 project beneficiary countries. Nonetheless, delays have been observed in all other activities, putting the project’s objectives at risk. Project code: GCP/SLC/204/GFF GEF ID: 5407
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
Also available in:
No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021.