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No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Bulletin
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Book (stand-alone)BulletinLand-water linkages in rural watersheds 2002It is often assumed that upstream land use practices have important impacts on water resources and affect the downstream users at a watershed scale. Payments by downstream users to upstream users for "environmental services" such as good water quality, less sediments or more regular water flow are widely discussed. However, much controversy exists about the direction and magnitude of such impacts, how they influence the relationships between upstream and downstream users, and which mechanisms al low for a sharing of resulting benefits and costs by all resource users in a watershed context. To address these issues, the FAO Land and Water Development Dicvision organized the electronic workshop "Lan-Water Linkages in Rural Watersheds" from 18 September to 27 October 2000. The present publication contains the proceedings of the workshop and two papers that set the stage for the workshop discussions. The complete workshop documentation, including discussion archive, background papers and cas e studies, is included on the CD-ROM that accompanies the document.
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Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureIntegrated Programme for Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Urmia Lake Basin, GCP/IRA/066/JPN
Key achievements
2022Also available in:
No results found.The Integrated Programme for Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Urmia Lake Basin brochure presents the key achievements of the project in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This project is a collaboration between FAO and the Urmia Lake Restoration Program (ULRP) with a granted fund of the People of Japan to provide tools for drought management, water accounting, strengthening the capacity development of stakeholders at different scales (from the policy level to the farm level) and contribute to the development of a socio-economic livelihood programme. The project proposed sustainable solutions to alternative income-generating activities while reducing the water consumption in the agriculture sector of the Urmia Lake basin significantly.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical reportGlobal status of salt-affected soils
Main report
2024Also available in:
No results found.Salt-affected soils, characterized by high soluble salts (saline) or exchangeable sodium (sodic), impact plant growth and occur globally, especially in arid and coastal regions. Salinization stems from natural causes (e.g. climate change, sea level rise) and human actions (e.g. poor irrigation practices, excessive water use). FAO’s Global Map of Salt-Affected Soils reveals that over 1 381 million hectares, 10.7 percent of global land, are affected, with Australia, Argentina and Kazakhstan among the most impacted countries. Increasing aridity and water demand amplify soil degradation risks, particularly in developing regions.Climate change and water scarcity threaten agricultural productivity, with substantial crop yield losses observed in saline areas. Halophytes and salt-tolerant crops provide a foundation for saline agriculture, yet many salt-affected soils remain unprotected and inadequately regulated. FAO’s INSAS (International Network of Salt-Affected Soils) underscores the need for updated data, harmonized salinity measurements, and sustainable management practices, with enhanced training and policy frameworks.Mitigation strategies like improved drainage, soil amendments, and the cultivation of salt-tolerant plants are recommended. Key recommendations include scaling sustainable practices, investing in salt-tolerant crop markets, improving data collection and water quality monitoring, conserving ecosystems, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. Such integrated efforts aim to boost food production and resilience in affected regions while protecting vital ecosystems. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookClimate-smart agriculture case studies 2021
Projects from around the world
2021Also available in:
No results found.This publication describes climate-smart agriculture (CSA) case studies from around the world, showing how the approach is implemented to address challenges related to climate change and agriculture. The case studies operationalize the five action points for CSA implementation: expanding the evidence base for CSA, supporting enabling policy frameworks, strengthening national and local institutions, enhancing funding and financing options, and implementing CSA practices at field level. The publication provides examples of the innovative roles that farmers, researchers, government officials, private sector agents and civil society actors can play to transform food systems and help meet the Sustainable Development Goals; it also demonstrates how these actors can collaborate. The case studies discuss context-specific activities that sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes, adapt and build resilience of people and food systems to climate change, and reduce and/or remove greenhouse gas emissions where possible. -
Book (stand-alone)General interest bookThe world’s mangroves 2000–2020 2023
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No results found.This report provides global and regional estimates of the area covered by mangrove forests, including area changes between 2000 and 2020. It analyses the drivers of these global, regional and subregional changes for the periods 2000–2010 and 2010–2020 with the aim of improving understanding of these drivers, their interactions and how their relative importance has shifted over time. In the study that underpins this report, FAO developed and validated an easy, repeatable methodology that integrates remote sensing with local knowledge. An FAO team and 48 image interpreters worldwide collected and analysed data on mangrove area in 2020, change in mangrove area between 2000 and 2020, and the drivers of change over the two decades. It is the first global study of mangrove area to provide information on land use rather than land cover.