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Book (stand-alone)GuidelineGuidelines on the measurement of harvest and post-harvest losses
Estimation of maize harvest and post-harvest losses in Zimbabwe. Field test report
2020Also available in:
No results found.In the framework of the Global strategy to improve agriculture and rural statistics (GSARS), FAO provided technical assistance to Zimbabwe on the measurement of harvest and post-harvest losses through sample surveys. The technical assistance was provided in the form of a pilot study on estimating harvest and post-harvest losses for major crops in the Makonde district in the communal and A1 farming sectors. The survey focused on maize and sorghum and included the measurement of on-farm losses. The survey captured losses through interviews of farmers as well as through physical measurements. The number of usable data points for sorghum were too few to provide reliable production and loss estimates, hence the results presented in this report mostly refer to maize. The results show that 5.2 percent of grain is lost at harvest and 3.8 percent lost at drying. The comparison of the loss estimates according to the measurement method used shows mixed results; in A1 farming sectors, farmers’ own loss estimates tend to be lower than physical measurement, while the opposite is evidenced in the communal sector (except for drying). Timely harvesting was used by most farmers to limit losses, followed by stoking when harvesting and the use of chemicals to protect crops from pest infestations during storage. -
Book (series)Working paperResearch on the measurement of post-harvest losses
Minimum losses by commodity and region: insights from the literature
2021Also available in:
No results found.The reduction of agricultural losses, especially among smallholder farmers, should be an essential component of food security strategies in developing countries. Loss reduction strategies should be informed by evidence on optimal loss levels, or the point below which loss reduction efforts become economically unviable, characterized by reduction costs greater than benefits. Information on minimum losses can help provide a benchmark for farm management, formulation of policies, and investment decisions. This study connects information on minimum losses with farming practices or production technologies, to help in assessing the effectiveness of loss reduction practices and of the underlying policies and incentives that promote them. While most empirical research and data collection activities on losses tend to focus on average losses, this paper provides evidence on minimum losses levels for several commodities and regions of the world. -
BookletGuidelineGuidelines on the measurement of harvest and post-harvest losses
Estimating harvest and post-harvest losses in Zambia. Meat and milk. Field test report
2020Also available in:
No results found.This technical report provides findings of a field test conducted in identified districts / study area in Zambia on the basis of sampling methodology for estimation of harvest and post-harvest losses of animal products (meat and milk) developed by the team led by Dr. Tauqueer Ahmad, Head, Division of Sample Surveys, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Institute of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR-IASRI), New Delhi, India. The Technical Report entitled “Findings from the field test conducted on estimating harvest and post-harvest losses in Zambia. Meat and milk” contains details of findings of the developed methodology implemented in Zambia including challenges encountered and lessons learnt. It is expected that this report will help the users from different countries in designing surveys for measurement of harvest and post-harvest losses of animal products (meat and milk).
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Book (stand-alone)Technical reportLivestock sector report
A review of the livestock sector in Malawi in 2021
2022Also available in:
No results found.The livestock sector in Malawi contributes at least 22.4 percent to the GDP (6.6 percent). Despite such a significant contribution to the economy, the livestock sector received only 0.8 percent of the government funding allocated to agriculture annually from 2012 and 2020. However, the livestock sector has a lot of potential to grow and contribute more to the economy. Currently, the sector is not able to produce enough to satisfy local demand and there are many opportunities for the sector to supply livestock and livestock products to external markets. This report captures findings from a review of the livestock sector in Malawi, which was conducted in 2021. Major recommendations from the review are: to increase public and private sector investment in the livestock sector; to increase the number of livestock and livestock inputs supported in the Affordable Inputs Programme (AIP), to create specialist officer positions such as livestock officer (dairy), livestock officer (poultry) in the livestock sections; to increase the number of livestock extension workers by increasing the number of assistant veterinary officers (AVOs) and recruiting at least one assistant livestock development officer (ALDO) per agricultural extension planning area (EPA); and to make livestock sections in district agriculture offices more autonomous for them to have more say and control over budgeting issues so that the livestock sections can be more appropriately funded. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.