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Overview of penaeid shrimp culture in Asia

Establishment of a Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia

Year of publication 1984

Pages p. 29

Author Pinij Kungvankij;Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division

Product type Project

Edition 1

Synopsis (short abstract) Marine shrimp farming is a century-old practice in many Asian countries. Until a decade ago, this commodity was still generally considered as secondary crop in traditional fish farming practices. in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and India, shrimp fry were accidentally trapped in the salt beds and paddy fields around estuarine areas, whereas in Indonesia and the Philippines, marine shrimps enter milkfish ponds during tidal exchange. Only recently, due to higher income derived from the harvest of marine shrimp than the principal crop, the farmers eventually converted these fields into shrimp farms. In traditional shrimp farming, sources of wild shrimp fry are either through natural entrance during tidal water exchange or intentionally gathered from the wild and stocked directly in the ponds. Production is dependent on the seasonal abundance of wild fry which fluctuates widely from year to year. In addition, water depth in rearing pond is generally shallow which often leads to extreme f luctuations of water temperature and salinity causing large scale mortality. Predation by carnivorous fishes gaining entrance in the ponds also accounted for considerable loss of shrimps. Production relies almost entirely on natural pond fertility since fertilizers and feeds are not generally used. Consequently, yields are low in the range of 100 – 300 kg/ha/year. Gradually, over the years, some improvements in the traditional methods of culturing shrimp have evolved. For instance, the stockin g density could be increased with the aid of water pump and increasing water depth in the pond which favors shrimp growth since temperature can be maintained and mortality reduced. Production can also be raised by increasing stocking density in pond with the fry collected from the wild. However, supply of seed from the wild is still inconsistent and insufficient that large scale development of the industry cannot be realized.

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    The Aquaculture Department of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) is one of the four regional lead centres participating in the regional activities of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia (NACA) to carry out regional research, training and information activities. In formulating the research activities for the Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines (RLCP), FAO has assigned a task force to prepare viable research programme in consultation with the research leaders of the Centre. The task force also held a number of consultation with some of the leading fish pond operators, officers of the government and University. The programmes for the Regional Aquaculture Lead Centres in Asia is contained in the document ADCP/REF/80/14 (En.). The farming system selected for the Regional Lead Centre in the Philippines are (i) shrimp culture in ponds and (ii) pond culture of milkfish, mullet and other brackishwater finfish. However, because of limitation of funds, facilit ies and technical manpower, research will be concentrated on priority commodities of the country which also are of regional interest. While noting the effort of IDRC in establishing breeding and culture technology for milkfish, the Centre focuses its initial attention and effort on the farming of shrimp in brackishwater ponds and culture of other brackishwater finfish (seabass and grouper). The selection of shrimp is due to its high market value and its economic importance to the shrimp cultiv ated in the various tropical and sub-tropical Asian countries. The rapid decline of supply from the wild has led many countries to launch massive programmes to culture the species which has a lucrative export value. However, appropriate farming technology has not been fully developed resulting to frequent shortage of feed supply, poor harvest and in some cases collapse of production farms.
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