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Sea cucumbers - A global review of fisheries and trade











Toral-Granda, V.; Lovatelli, A.; Vasconcellos, M., eds. 2008. Sea cucumbers. A global review of fisheries and trade. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 516. Rome, FAO.


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    The utilization of sea cucumbers for human consumption and other uses has been steadily growing over the years. Up-to-date information on the present status of world sea cucumber resources and utilization is presented with special focus on those countries such as China PR, Ecuador, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia and the Philippines which have been heavily engaged in the industry for decades. Information from other countries such as Cuba, Egypt, Madagascar and Tanzania, relative new comers to the sec tor, is also provided indicating to some extent the growing interest with regards to the exploitation of holothurians for the demanding Asian markets. Information on technical advances made in the artificial reproduction and farming of selected commercial species is presented. This document includes the recommendations formulated during the FAO Workshop on Advances in Sea Cucumber Aquaculture and Management (ASCAM) held in Dalian, People's Republic of China, in October 2003, along with the techn ical papers presented. The report will be useful to those international and regional development organizations and national governments who wish to prioritize their activities concerning sea cucumber conservation and exploitation.
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    Rebuilding depleted stocks is a central part of the fisheries governance agenda. By analysing the available literature, Part 1 of “Rebuilding of marine fisheries” provides a global review of the emergence of the rebuilding paradigm, its key concepts, the trends in fishery resources, and the empirical evidence available on stocks depletion, collapse and rebuilding. It addresses the bio-ecological, economic, and human dimensions of rebuilding or restoration of stocks, multispecies assemblages and habitats/ecosystems and touches on the need for rebuilding at the whole sector level when depletion has become widespread and chronic. The human imensions of stocks and fisheries are given particular attention, looking at conflicting objectives, the bio-economy of rebuilding, its costs and benefits, and the distributional effects of the related reform among actors with their potential social consequences in the short and long terms. Governance is addressed in detail: legal and policy frameworks; rationale and objectives of a rebuilding regime; alternative rebuilding strategies; reference values and protocols; regulatory time-frames; risk management and harvest control rules; impacts of climatic oscillations; management tool-box; implementation guidance and performance evaluation. The document ends with a review of the determinants of success of a rebuilding programme.

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