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BookletCorporate general interestWill promotion of agricultural mechanization help prevent child labour?
Policy brief
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAO-IFPRI study, of which this policy brief is a summary, focuses on the use of tractors because they are among the most versatile farm mechanization tools and are universal power sources for all other driven implements and equipment in agriculture, with significant potential to replace animal draught power and human power, including children’s muscle power. Tractor use is typically also the first type of machine-powered equipment in use at lower levels of agricultural development, the context where most child labour is found. Mechanization is mostly assumed to reduce child labour, as it is expected to be labour saving in general. Yet, this is not always the case, as it has also been observed that the use of tractors and other machinery could increase children’s engagement in farm activities. This may be the case if, for instance, their use allows farms to cultivate larger areas, or if it leads to shifting chores of work from hired labor to family workers, e.g. for weeding edges of farmland not reachable by machinery. Evidence has been scant thus far, but the few available studies have mostly lent greater support to the hypothesis that mechanization reduces children’s productive engagement. Most available studies have focused on specific cases and based on scant data. The new FAO-IFPRI study provides a rigorous quantitative assessment for seven developing countries in Asia (India, Nepal and Viet Nam) and sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania) based on comparable farm household survey data. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureFood security, nutrition, and ending child labour in agriculture for recovery and resilience 2021
Also available in:
No results found.An advocacy note has been developed by the FAO, the Global Food Security Cluster, and the WFP to mobilize food and agricultural stakeholders and to upscale action towards the reduction of child labour in agriculture in humanitarian contexts. Special attention should address the heightened risk of child labour in food crises, protracted conflicts and natural disasters. In a crisis or humanitarian setting, tackling child labour through agriculture, food security and nutrition programming is key for recovery and resilience. Well-timed interventions for crisis-affected populations can help to prevent, mitigate, or even eliminate child labour in agriculture, while strengthening livelihoods and building sustainable and secure food systems. -
BookletCorporate general interestAccelerating action to help to end child labour in agriculture in Asia
Regional Workshop on Ending Child Labour in Agriculture, 28 September 2021: Regional report
2021Also available in:
No results found.The policy paper includes a description of the child labour context and importance of the problem in Asia. It analyses a wide body of data and characteristics of child labour in agriculture in Asia. This paper seeks to analyse challenges in the region with a focus on the issue of child labour in agriculture and the underlying causes in which agricultural stakeholders can make a difference: rural poverty, social protection in rural areas, safe agricultural practices, labour-saving practices, gender equality, access to education in rural areas, food security. The paper highlights the relationship between child labour in agriculture with rural poverty and food insecurity in Asia. It encompasses specific challenges of the region that have an impact on child labour and rural livelihoods are Covid-19 pandemic, natural disasters, climate change, protracted crisis, massive displacement of populations, armed conflicts, etc. This paper pinpoints examples of regional challenges with a focus on Fisheries and Aquaculture sub-sector and on crop farming (rice ). The paper provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of regional and national child labour policies/roadmaps/initiatives such as ASEAN roadmap on the elimination of the worst forms of child labour and the case of Vietnam as Pathfinder country for Alliance 8.7. It looks into examples of good practices of countries that are making progress, in particular Cambodia, Pakistan and Philippines. This paper includes a set of recommendations and suggested policies to support the prevention of child labour in agriculture in Asia.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookFarm equipment supply chains
Guidelines for policy makers and service providers: experiences from Kenya, Pakistan and Brazil
2009Also available in:
No results found.Experience has shown that a basic prerequisite for successful mechanization of the agricultural sector requires a well-functioning supply chain. To draw lessons for achieving this goal, the FAO Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division commissioned three mechanization supply chain case studies. The studies were conducted in Kenya, Pakistan and Brazil and the information contained in them has been used as the basis for the analysis presented in this Technical Report. Historically, pu blic sector efforts to supply mechanization services have often failed as costs greatly exceeded income and the maintenance of ageing machinery fleets became too great a burden. However it is evident that the public sector does have a role to play in complementing the activities of the private sector in a synergistic partnership. The main role of the public sector is to have the vision of a national mechanization strategy and to cultivate an enabling environment which allows the private sector t o operate effectively. One key possibility described in the Report is that of linking equipment supply chains across continents. This is exemplified by an account of the evolution of no-till technology in Brazil which is now being successfully used by farmers in Asia and Africa. A key stakeholder in this supply chain development has been FAO in conjunction with the international donor community, as they have been in a position to take a holistic view to encourage private sector actors and so dis seminate profitable mechanization technologies from one continent to another. The main recommendations of the Technical Report are aimed at policy makers in the public sector, although there is plenty of interest to other stakeholders, especially machinery suppliers and mechanization service providers. However the ultimate beneficiaries are small and medium scale farmers who are the recipients of the services provided. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical studyPRIVATE STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION MARKETS FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES
Implications for developing countries
2007Also available in:
No results found.Over the past 20 years the number of standards and certification programmes for agricultural production has grown rapidly. Producers who want to export are confronted not only by a plethora of import regulations, but also within import countries by different niche markets for which specific requirements have to be fulfilled. While the adoption of voluntary standards may grant export opportunities to farmers, they can also be considered barriers to entry for those who cannot apply them either because they are too onerous or because of the lack of knowledge about their requirements. In fact, some producers and exporters increasingly regard private standards as non‑tariff barriers to trade. New and more stringent standards are being developed year after year, and there is an urgent need to determine today, and in the future, the extent to which these govern world trade. This report gives an overview of standards and certification programmes relevant for fruit and v egetable producers and exporters in developing countries with a focus on the markets of the United States and the European Union. In addition, it gives an overview of current analytical work on standards and trade, reviews major assistance programmes related to standards and provides recommendations for further research. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical studyAppropriate food packaging solutions for developing countries 2014The study was undertaken to serve as a basis for the international congress Save Food!, taking place from 16 to 17 May 2011, at the international packaging industry fair Interpack2011 in Düsseldorf, Germany. Save Food! has been co organized by Interpack2011 and FAO, aiming to raise awareness on global food losses and waste. In addition, Save Food! brings to the attention of the international packaging industry the constraints faced by the small- and medium-scale food processing industries in dev eloping countries to obtain access to adequate packaging materials which are economically feasible. This revised edition, dated 2014, contains a new section on investment opportunities in developing countries (paragraph 3.7).