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Living income measurement methods

A comparative study and application to cocoa farmers in Cameroon

Year of publication 2025

Place of publication Rome, Italy ;

Pages 64 p.

Author Covarrubias, K.A.; de la O Campos, A.P.; Akamin, A.; Krumbiegel, K.; Tillie, P.;

Publisher FAO ;

Product type Book (series)

ISBN 978-92-5-139667-4

Series title FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper

Series number No. 25-01

To cite or share https://doi.org/10.4060/cd4616en

Synopsis (short abstract) How should the cost of a decent life be quantified, and are living income indicators valid welfare measures for agrifood policies? This paper critically examines two methodologies for estimating living income benchmarks (LIB) and their application in rural agricultural contexts, focusing on cocoa producers in Cameroon. It highlights key differences in data sources and assumptions, finding that LIB estimates are highly sensitive to food expenditure assumptions and non-food, non-housing (NFNH) costs. Statistical tests on the living income gap (LIG) reveal that the indicators satisfy distribution sensitivity and identify vulnerable groups via stochastic dominance analysis, supporting their targeting potential. Simulations based on poverty axioms confirm robustness, leading to the proposal of a censored LIG that better captures the deprivation of vulnerable strata. The paper argues for greater methodological rigour, replicability, and harmonization to enhance the potential of living income indicators for promoting equitable agrifood system transformations.

Cite this content as:

Covarrubias, K.A, de la O Campos, A.P., Akamin, A., Krumbiegel, K. & Tillie, P. 2025. Living Income measurement methods – A comparative study and application to cocoa farmers in Cameroon. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 25-01. Rome, FAO.

https://doi.org/10.4060/cd4616en

Language English

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