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Remote sensing determination of evapotranspiration

Algorithms, strengths, weaknesses, uncertainty and best fit-for-purpose












Last updated 13/03/2025, see corrigendum.



FAO. 2023. Remote sensing determination of evapotranspiration – Algorithms, strengths, weaknesses, uncertainty and best fit-for-purpose. Cairo.




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    All countries in North Africa and the Near East suffer from severe water scarcity. In this region, irrigated agriculture accounts for a large proportion of the water demand and is often the first sector affected by water shortages and scarcity. Notably, when water is in short supply, there are additional challenges for sustaining per capita food production and meeting domestic, industrial and environmental water needs. Further complicating matters, the total area suffering from severe water scarcity is expected to increase as a result of changing climatic conditions. Increasing water scarcity and competition for water resources also pose major threats to food security and poverty alleviation. If the effects of climate change are not managed effectively, more frequent and extensive periods of drought are expected, creating additional challenges for maintaining the balance between water demand and sustainable development. Despite the agriculture sector being a primary consumer of water, irrigation services and scheme performances have not been fully optimized in the region and best management practices and technologies have not been widely deployed. As such, this project was designed to support countries in monitoring land and water productivity, identifying productivity gaps and developing suitable solutions.
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    This study focuses on assessing crop productivity and water use efficiency in the northern region of Gaza through remote sensing and field measurements. It aims to accurately map and identify crop types in the study areas using remote sensing data, including satellite imagery and in situ measurements. The objective of this study is to conduct crop type mapping and water consumption mapping based on evapotranspiration (ET). Calculating evapotranspiration alone does not give definitive indicators, because it does not calculate leaching requirements of crops, nor does it calculate the efficiency of irrigation systems using remote sensing techniques. The study covers the period from 2021 to 2023 and focuses on the summer and winter seasons in East Gaza city (Al-Shujaia), Beit Hanoun and East Jabalia North Gaza.

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