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Book (stand-alone)Remote sensing determination of evapotranspiration
Algorithms, strengths, weaknesses, uncertainty and best fit-for-purpose
2023Also available in:
No results found.The Near East and North Africa (NENA) Region has long faced water scarcity due to natural causes. Still, factors like population growth, food security policies, and socioeconomic development have worsened the situation in recent decades. Climate change and the food insecurity resulting from the war in Ukraine have further strained the already limited water resources in the region.To address these challenges, countries in the NENA Region seek ways to allocate scarce water resources effectively. They aim to improve water accounting, monitor water usage in strategic hydrological systems, and enhance water productivity and efficiency to save and redistribute water. One crucial aspect to consider in these efforts is water consumption, particularly in irrigated agriculture, which utilizes over 85 percent of renewable freshwater resources while remaining vital to the sustainability of the food sector and farming systems.Given the significant spatial scales involved, satellite remote sensing technology has become a valuable tool in determining evapotranspiration–water consumption. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Regional Initiative on Water Scarcity for the Near East and North Africa (WSI) has gathered top experts in evapotranspiration determination through satellite remote sensing to guide water stakeholders in the region. This initiative has also expanded to other FAO regions through the inter-Regional Technical Platform on Water Scarcity (iRTP-WS).To facilitate knowledge sharing, a series of twenty-five webinars were organized, fostering dialogue between experts and water actors. Additionally, this publication summarizes the outcomes of the webinars and provides further analysis and insights on satellite remote sensing determination of evapotranspiration.The publication aims to update the knowledge and enhance the capacity of water professionals, raise awareness of the strengths and limitations of remote sensing models and databases for evapotranspiration, and clarify operational aspects such as spatial and temporal resolutions and accuracy. Ultimately, it serves as a valuable reference for water actors and professionals working towards sustainable water resource management. -
Book (series)Mid-term evaluation of the project "Monitoring water productivity by remote sensing as a tool to assess possibilities to reduce water productivity gaps
Project code: GCP/INT/229/NET
2020Also available in:
No results found.While population growth and economic development are putting unprecedented pressure on renewable, but finite water resources, especially in arid regions, scarce land and water resources are affecting food security and sustainable water management. FAO identified the need to implement a digital database built upon remote sensing and information technologies that can monitor and report on agricultural water productivity over Africa and Near East, accessible through the FAO Water Productivity through Open access of Remotely sensed derived data portal (WaPOR). The WaPOR database is now operational at continental level (all African and Near East countries covered by the 250 m spatial resolution data), national level (two beneficiary countries can access the WaPOR database at 100 m resolution) and subnational level with a spatial resolution of about 30 m, so far including eight areas of interest (river basins or irrigation schemes). Water Accounting Plus (WA+) reports based on remote sensing have been completed for three river basins as planned (Litani in Lebanon, Awash in Ethiopia and Jordan basin). An action framework at national level for capacity building and participatory decision making is currently being developed to make effective a “demand-driven” approach based on national and local needs. -
ProjectSupport to the Regional Collaboration Platform of the Water Scarcity Initiative to Increase Water Productivity - TCP/RAB/3602 2020
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No results found.The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is among the areas worst affected by chronic water shortages and, in coming decades, is likely to be faced by the most severe intensification of water scarcity in history. Per capita fresh water availability has decreased by two-thirds over the last forty years and is forecast to decrease by a further 50 percent by 2050. Demographic growth, a tendency to increase food self-sufficiency to reduce vulnerability to imports, price volatility, expanding urbanization, energy demands and overall socio-economic development, exacerbated by the negative impact of climate change and the degradation of water quality, are the main causes behind this intensification of scarcity. Agriculture, which consumes over 85 percent of available fresh water resources in the region, will most likely have to absorb the bulk of this shock, with major consequences for food security and the rural economy. Countries in the region thus need to plan their water resources allocation strategically and to review their water policies to ensure that the best use is made of the water available. To this end, it is essential to quantify the productivity of water use in agriculture. In response to the growing needs of member countries and to help them cope with this enormous challenge, FAO and partners launched in 2013 the Regional Water Scarcity Initiative in the Near East and North Africa. The first output of the Initiative was a Regional Collaborative Strategy (RCS) on Sustainable Agricultural Water Management. This represents a framework to assist countries
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