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DocumentOther documentCommodity Chain Analysis. Constructing the Commodity Chain: Functional Analysis and Flow Chart. Thematic Overview 2005
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This module illustrates how Commodity Chain Analysis (CCA) can be used starting by how to construct the commodity chain, how to develop a functional analysis and how to analyze the commodity flows (flow chart). The module starts by an introduction on commodity chain analysis as a tool and by a comparison with the other approaches of chain analysis. It then develops a way to construct the commodity chain, to specify the concept of agents. The next step deals with the functional analysis of the co mmodity chain. The last part covers the commodity flow analysis. -
DocumentOther documentCommodity Chain Analysis: Impact Analysis Using Shadow Prices. Analytical Tools 2005
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This module provides a presentation of the impact analysis using shadow prices. It belongs to a set of modules which discuss how to proceed step by step on commodity chain analysis. The module starts by a presentation of the principles of shadow prices. It is followed by an empirical estimation which shows the two possible approaches: analysis using parity prices and social price analysis. It then tries to compare economic policies on the basis of economic analysis, thereby finishing by the anal ysis of impact assessment. -
DocumentOther documentCommodity Chain Analysis: Financial Analysis. Analytical Tools 2005
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This module provides a presentation of the way to develop a financial analysis using a commodity chain. It belongs to a set of modules which discuss how to proceed step-by-step on commodity chain analysis. The module first examines the principles of financial accounting and shows how to work out the value added and how to get the production-trading account and the consolidated account of the chain. The second part explains how to set up the accounts of individual agents and the consolidated acco unt of the chain. In the third part, the financial analysis of the chain is discussed.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (series)Normative documentThe impact of microplastics on the gut microbiome and health
A food safety perspective
2023Also available in:
No results found.With a food safety focus, a scientific literature review was conducted to characterize the current understanding about the effects of microplastics on the gut microbiome and potential health implications. The main aspects analysed are (1) the effects of microplastics on the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome using in vito and in vivo models; (2) health implications resulting from the microplastic–microbiome interactions and underlying mechanisms; (3) the establishment of causality; and (4) influence of the gut microbiome on microplastic biodegradation. The research was also scoped to identify current gaps, limitations and needs for the eventual consideration of microbiome-related data in chemical risk assessment. With this work, ESF contributes to the FAO global programme on the impact of food systems on NCDs and obesity, by understanding the potential health implications of gut microbiome–microplastic interactions. The outcomes will provide information which can be used to improve food safety policies. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.