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Book (stand-alone)Manual / guideMANAGEMENT OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES IN MEAT PRODUCTION - COURSE MANUAL
Capacit y Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases
2007Also available in:
No results found.To support countries with economies in transition and developing countries in the control and prevention of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the project Capacity Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases, is the result of collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Safe Food Solutions Inc. (SAFOSO, Switzerland) and national veterinary offices in partner countries, and funded by the Government of Switz erland. The aim of the project is to build capacity, establish preventive measures and analyse risks for BSE. Partner countries are thus enabled to decrease their BSE risk to an acceptable level or demonstrate that their BSE risk is negligible, and thereby facilitate regional and international trade under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A brief project summary is included as an appendix to this course manual. -
Book (stand-alone)Manual / guideEpidemiology, Surveillance and Risk Assesment for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies - Course Manual
Capacit y Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases
2007Also available in:
No results found.To support countries with economies in transition and developing countries in the control and prevention of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the project Capacity Building for Surveillance and Prevention of BSE and Other Zoonotic Diseases, is the result of collaboration between the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Safe Food Solutions Inc. (SAFOSO, Switzerland) and national veterinary offices in partner countries, and funded by the Government of Switz erland. The aim of the project is to build capacity, establish preventive measures and analyse risks for BSE. Partner countries are thus enabled to decrease their BSE risk to an acceptable level or demonstrate that their BSE risk is negligible, and thereby facilitate regional and international trade under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). A brief project summary is included as an appendix to this course manual. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (series)Manual / guideManual on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 1998
Also available in:
No results found.Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first recognized and defined as a pathological entity in the United Kingdom in November 1986 (Wells et al., 1996). Initial epidemiological investigations and examination of archived brains indicated that the first cases occurred around April 1985. Subsequently, the largest freeborn epidemic of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurred which has had severe economic effects and has caused concern for public health. The initial clinical signs of this fatal neurological disease are non-specific, typically involving behavioural changes. As the clinical phase progresses the disease is typified by alterations in mental state and of sensation and ataxia. The majority of affected animals reach the advanced stages within two to three months from the onset, when slaughter on welfare grounds becomes necessary (Wilesmith et al., 1988). The disease affects adult animals, with a peak age at onset of four to five years of age. Both se xes and all breeds are equally susceptible. BSE can only be confirmed post-mortem by pathological examination of brain tissue. Histological examination of the hind brain has been the primary method for the statutory diagnosis in the United Kingdom (Wells et al., 1989). The histological changes are typical of the TSEs. Microscopic lesions in the central nervous system consist of bilaterally symmetrical, non inflammatory vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and grey matter neuropil. BSE is transmissible by parenteral inoculation of inbred strains of mice (Fraser et al., 1988) and cattle (Dawson, Wells and Parker, 1990). In cattle the incubation period is approximately 18 months using brain homogenates from natural terminal cases.
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Book (series)Technical studyThe impact of climate variability and extremes on agriculture and food security - An analysis of the evidence and case studies
Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2018
2020Also available in:
No results found.Global climate studies show that not only temperatures are increasing and precipitation levels are becoming more varied, all projections indicate these trends will continue. It is therefore imperative that we understand changes in climate over agricultural areas and their impacts on agriculture production and food security. This study presents new analysis on the impact of changing climate on agriculture and food security, by examining the evidence on recent climate variability and extremes over agricultural areas and the impact of these on agriculture and food security. It shows that more countries are exposed to increasing climate variability and extremes and the frequency (the number of years exposed in a five-year period) and intensity (the number of types of climate extremes in a five-year period) of exposure over agricultural areas have increased. The findings of this study are compelling and bring urgency to the fact that climate variability and extremes are proliferating and intensifying and are contributing to a rise in global hunger. The world’s 2.5 billion small-scale farmers, herders, fishers, and forest-dependent people, who derive their food and income from renewable natural resources, are most at risk and affected. Actions to strengthen the resilience of livelihoods and food systems to climate variability and extremes urgently need to be scaled up and accelerated. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023
Urbanization, agrifood systems transformation and healthy diets across the rural–urban continuum
2023This report provides an update on global progress towards the targets of ending hunger (SDG Target 2.1) and all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2) and estimates on the number of people who are unable to afford a healthy diet. Since its 2017 edition, this report has repeatedly highlighted that the intensification and interaction of conflict, climate extremes and economic slowdowns and downturns, combined with highly unaffordable nutritious foods and growing inequality, are pushing us off track to meet the SDG 2 targets. However, other important megatrends must also be factored into the analysis to fully understand the challenges and opportunities for meeting the SDG 2 targets. One such megatrend, and the focus of this year’s report, is urbanization. New evidence shows that food purchases in some countries are no longer high only among urban households but also among rural households. Consumption of highly processed foods is also increasing in peri-urban and rural areas of some countries. These changes are affecting people’s food security and nutrition in ways that differ depending on where they live across the rural–urban continuum. This timely and relevant theme is aligned with the United Nations General Assembly-endorsed New Urban Agenda, and the report provides recommendations on the policies, investments and actions needed to address the challenges of agrifood systems transformation under urbanization and to enable opportunities for ensuring access to affordable healthy diets for everyone. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food and Agriculture 2019
Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction
2019The need to reduce food loss and waste is firmly embedded in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Food loss and waste reduction is considered important for improving food security and nutrition, promoting environmental sustainability and lowering production costs. However, efforts to reduce food loss and waste will only be effective if informed by a solid understanding of the problem. This report provides new estimates of the percentage of the world’s food lost from production up to the retail level. The report also finds a vast diversity in existing estimates of losses, even for the same commodities and for the same stages in the supply chain. Clearly identifying and understanding critical loss points in specific supply chains – where considerable potential exists for reducing food losses – is crucial to deciding on appropriate measures. The report provides some guiding principles for interventions based on the objectives being pursued through food loss and waste reductions, be they in improved economic efficiency, food security and nutrition, or environmental sustainability.