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DocumentOther documentA preliminary study on ecological features of two natural enemies against two vectors of pine wilt disease for mass rearing in Korea
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Two species of the genus Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), M. alternatus and M. saltuarius are well-known as vectors of the pine wilt disease and they causes economically damages in South Korea. Among various control methods to reduce the density of vectors, a method by biological control agents (natural enemies) is eco-friendly indispensable. Since 2017, we have carried out the studies on the parasitic natural enemies againt for the vector species and found two parasitoids, Spathius verustus Chao, 1977 (Braconidae) and Cyanopterus flavator (Fabricius, 1793) (Bracondiae), would be a useful agents for biological controls. For accumulation of biological data, we conducted a preliminary study on life span and parasitic rate of two parasitic wasps against for two vector species. As results, we found that S. verustus has the longest adult life span of 33.4±19.2 days (avg.) in M. alternatus (T=30°C, H=60%) and C. flavator has the longest adult life span of 25.1±10.6 days (avg.) in M. alternatus (T=25°C, H=60%). The average parasitic rate (62.5%) of S. verustus was highest in M. alternatus (T=30°C, H=60%). In addition, it is confirmed that the offsprings of S. verustus can be made by parthenogenetic reproducton. Keywords: Research ID: 3622037 -
ArticleJournal articleThe estimation of succession index for forest cover types in the natural forest of Jirisan
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The forest succession is changing process in the structure and function of a forest for a long period of time. The process might vary in different forest types which have undergone their own successional pathways. This study was conducted to understand the extent of successional progress by estimation of succession index for forest cover types in the natural forest of Jirisan. The vegetation data were collected by point-quarter sampling method. Five hundred sample points were subjected to cluster analysis to classify eight forest cover types. The succession index was developed through standardization of climax index and relative density of composed tree species plus species diversity index of the corresponding forest cover type. The results showed that Carpinus laxiflora cover type had the greatest succession index value of 219.7, followed by Mixed mesophytic cover type 218.3, Fraxinus mandshurica - Betula costata cover type 180.7, Quercus serrata cover type 171.3, Q. mongolica cover type 164.8 and Q. variabilis cover type 138.5. Pinus densiflora cover type had the smallest value of 101.9. It was presumed that the higher value of succession index in a certain forest cover type indicated the closer position to the climax stage in terms of sere spectrum. The author Carpinus laxiflora cover type and Mixed mesophytic cover type had made much greater succession progress toward climax than any other forest cover types. However, estimated succession index in the forest does not mean the absolute level of successional stage, but comparative assessment in the position of the seral stage among forest cover types. Based on the comparison of structural characteristics and approximation of successional pathways of classified forest cover types, it is assumed that, on the site of mid-slope and valley with loamy soils and good moisture condition in Jirisan, if no more disturbed, various forest types should make progress of succession toward the mixed mesophytic cover type. Keywords: Forest cover type; Climax index; Succession index; Jirisan ID: 3621636 -
DocumentOther documentHow is human breathable air changed by forests?: The characteristics of natural VOC in birch forests
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Since the outbreak of new viruses that cause highly infectious diseases among humans, such as SARS and COVID-19, people are increasingly interested in healthy living surrounded by nature. The pursuit of physical comfort is instinctive in most human beings; therefore, the influence of natural environment on humans is significant. Terms such as healing forest and forest medicine are associated with forests in some countries. Natural VOC, representing the healing forest factor, are widely known as phytoncide in Korea. Several studies have shown that NVOC emitted from forests have various beneficial effects such as disease prevention and health improvement.
In this study, 380 samples were collected and analyzed to examine the characteristics of NVOC emitted from forest in Inje where many citizens visit to enjoy landscape. In this study, NVOC were analyzed in November 2018, May and July 2019, and measurements were performed at three different locations considering movement of citizens. Using mini pump and stainless steel tube filled with Tenax TA, 9L of NVOC was collected at a speed of 150mL/min.
The analysis of NVOC composition in forest on an annual basis showed that it comprised α-pinene 27%, camphor 10%, and β-pinene 9%. Examination of the pattern of intraday NVOC concentration revealed that it was relatively high in the afternoon and increased when photoenvironment changed, where as the influence of wind speed. Evaluation of the correlation between the NVOC concentration and the microclimate in the forest showed that the concentration increased markedly with the increase in temperature and humidity, and the concentration decreased with the increase in wind speed. When the NVOC emission tendency of the birch forest was analyzed by season, high NVOC concentrations were detected in summer. In conclusion, these results can be used as basic data for the technical development of forest space management related to the establishment of forest healing spaces in the future. Keywords: Human health and well-being, Monitoring and data collection, Covid-19, One Health ID: 3477860
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
Also available in:
No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021.