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Book (series)Legal issues in international agricultural trade: the evolution of the WTO Agreement on agriculture from its Uruguay Round origins to its post-Hong Kong directions 2006
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No results found.The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) came into existence over ten years ago as one of the agreements annexed to the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO). The AoA declares in its preamble that the long-term objective of WTO members is “to establish a fair and marketoriented agricultural trading system.” The current agricultural negotiations at the WTO are part of the endeavour to bring this objective one step closer to reality. The short-term mission of the AoA, o n the other hand, was to launch the reform process and to take the first steps towards that long-term goal. The AoA disciplines on, inter alia, the three pillars of agricultural market access, domestic support and export subsidies constituted that first step on the path of reform. The in-built agenda contained in Article 20 of the AoA was designed to ensure that these AoA disciplines would be only the first step in a reform process that should culminate in the establishment of a fair and market- oriented agricultural trading system. -
DocumentCentral and Eastern Europe: Impact of Food Retail Investments on the Food Chain
Report N. 7 - February 2005
2005Also available in:
No results found.Recent studies have shown a dramatic rise of supermarkets in several developing regions around the world in only the past decade (Reardon and Berdegué, 2002; Reardon et al., 2003). The studies show that the rise of supermarkets have had a profound effect on agrifood systems via several important changes in the organisation and institutions of the food system, including centralisation of procurement from farmers, decline of traditional wholesale systems, and the rise of demanding private standard s for product quality and safety. The supply-side implications of these changes are emerging: the changes have taken a great toll on smaller and under-capitalised producers unable to meet the new requirements, with a resulting exclusion of many small producers, in addition to the creation of new local dynamic markets for local farmers (Reardon and Berdegué, 2002). -
Book (series)Legal issues in international agricultural trade: WTO compatibility and negotiations on economic partnership agreements between the European Union and the African, Carribbean and Pacific States 2006
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No results found.The trade relations between the EU as a bloc on the one hand and the ACP countries as a bloc on the other, have for the last three decades been based on a series of “bilateral” treaties designed to provide non-reciprocal preferential terms of access for the products of the latter to the markets of the former – from Lomé I (1975-80), to Lomé II (1980-85), to Lomé III (1985-90), to Lomé IV (1990-1995, later revised and extended to stay until 2000, known as Lome IV bis), and finally to Cotonou (200 0 to 2008).1 It is interesting to observe at the outset that prior to Lomé ‘a number of ACP countries had granted reverse preferences to the EEC’.2 The Lomé process was therefore not just about creation of preferential market access for the products of ACP countries to the EC; it was also about dismantling those pre- Lomé reverse preferences for EC products to access ACP markets, thereby establishing non-reciprocity as the core principle of the Lomé acquis on trade matters. This is set to change now in several important ways and the seed of that change has already been planted in the Cotonou Agreement itself. Indeed, reintroduction of reverse preferences – also called reciprocity – will be a fundamental feature of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) that are being negotiated at this moment under the Cotonou agenda.
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