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A review of governance and tenure in inland capture fisheries and aquaculture systems of India











Kelkar, N. & Arthur, R.I. 2022. A review of governance and tenure in inland capture fisheries and aquaculture systems of India. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1230. Chennai, FAO and ICSF.




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    India has abundant water resources including rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, upland lakes, and floodplain wetlands covering over 5.8 percent of the country. These environments harbour a rich fish fauna of 1 035 species that constitutes the basis for the inland fisheries sector, which annually produces 2 144 452 tonnes of fish – if enhanced and culture-based fisheries are included – corresponding to 21 percent of total fish production. Rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Barak, alongside floodplain wetlands, play crucial roles, especially in the east and northeast. Lakes are abundant in upland areas. Reservoirs cover over 1 percent of India's land and hold untapped potential for fisheries development. Traditionally, fishing in inland water bodies has been a small-scale or subsistence activity. Fishing practices, crafts and gear used in inland fisheries are still traditional. Cooperative societies are present in reservoirs and wetlands giving fishers better bargaining power with traders and better prices for the fish. Inland fisheries are imperative for poverty alleviation, food security, gender empowerment, cultural services, ecosystem function, and biodiversity, and are important for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Important threats to inland fisheries include water scarcity, habitat loss, pollution, climate change and invasive species. However, several major river conservation programmes have been initiated.The collection of inland fishery catch statistics remains weak and production appears to be significantly under-reported in many states. A simplified method for defining water bodies and estimating catch is proposed and all States have been advised to follow the same definition for water bodies.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Assessing water availability and economic social and nutritional contributions from inland capture fisheries and aquaculture: an indicator-based framework 2017
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    This document contains supplementary material to the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper titled “Assessing water availability and related economic social and nutritional contributions provided by inland capture fishery and aquaculture: an indicator-based framework” and shows results of the implementation of the designed framework of indicators in 18 selected countries in Africa and Asia. Fifteen indicators assess the water availability, economic, social and nutritional dimensions measu ring the economic, social and nutritional contributions per unit of available water resource provided by the inland fishery sector to human well-being. Each country profile provides detailed information on the sources used to compile each indicator together with the rationale used to assemble the indicator values. Important background of information on existing data sources related to the indicator framework is provided and the document identifies existing data gaps and priorities for further in vestigation.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Assessing water availability and economic, social and nutritional contributions from inland capture fisheries and aquaculture 2016
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    This study provides an initial indicator-based framework for understanding the economic, social and nutritional contributions of inland capture fisheries and aquaculture and their links to available water resources. Fourteen indicators covering environmental, economic, social and nutritional dimensions of inland fisheries and aquaculture are identified and tested in eighteen African and Asian countries with significant inland fish production. Complexities in defining and estimating the indicator s are discussed, and initial results based on currently available data are presented to identify gaps and future steps to improve knowledge. The study discusses the potential use of these indicators as a baseline for national sectoral planning and management as a means to inform intersectoral water management and, in the face of climate change and changing water availability, as inputs into modelling the potential economic, social and nutritional losses and opportunities to society stemming thro ugh impacts in the inland fisheries sector.

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