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Book (stand-alone)Legume Trees and other Fodder Trees as Protein Sources for Livestock 1992
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No results found.Fodder trees and fodder shrubs have always played a significant role in feeding domestic animals. In fact, trees and shrubs are increasingly recognized as important components of animal feeding, particularly as suppliers of protein and especially in harsh environmental conditions. In such situations, the available grazing is not generally sufficient to meet the maintenance requirements of animals, at least for part of the year. This occurs, for example, in some mountainous regions and in the dry tropicswhere the grazing is also sometimes very degraded. Thus, in extensive animal production systems in the dry areas of Africa, it is generallye stimated that ligneous materials contribute up to 90% of production and account for 40-50% of the total available feed. Such figures illustrate the existing and urgent need not only for better knowledge but also for better use of such potential, particularly in the context of environmental degradation which is affecting our planet. On the other ha nd, in the humid tropics of Latin America, the South-cast Asia and Africa, foddersfrom trees and shrubs from leguminous species - are beginning to be utilized more dietary nitrogen supplements for ruminants. In this respect, new a significant move to look for new sources of protein from shrubs. However, given the increasing demand for forage and availability of low quality basal feed materials which require protein supplementation, high protein fodders from leguminous trees and shrubs could have a much more significant role in animal feeding systems throughout the developing world. In this respect, there is a need for more research to develop technically viable solutions. These solutions must also be economically and socially acceptable; they must preserve natural resources and protect the environment. In other words, the challenge is the sustainable development of fodder trees and shrubs......... -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Feed from animal wastes
feeding manual
1984Also available in:
No results found.This manual is a continuation of an earlier book, Feed from Animal Wastes: State of Knowledge(FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 18 published by FAO in 1980. Its primary objective is to provide practical guidance in animal waste feeding to livestock by setting out a variety of formulas. It is intended primarily for animal growers, particularly in developing countries, who seek advice in the practical application of unconventional feed resources, in which animal wastes play an important role. The first chapter presents established standards of nutritional requirements for various species and classes of animal: lactating animals (dairy cows and milkingbuffaloes), dry pregnant cows, beef cattle, replacement cattle (heifers and other young growing cattle), lactating and gestating ewes and fattening lambs, pigs and poultry. Based on these standards, rations containing different levels of various animal wastes are formulated throughout the manual. Standards established for large and sm all ruminants are designed for a medium plane of nutrition, but some rations allow for a high plane. In formulating rations, only a limited number of feed ingredients other than animal wastes are used; the result is a series of typical simple formulas which can be adjusted to other conditions. Non-legume hay or green forage is used as a source of forage and/or roughage. Molasses is incorporated in most rations, except that in fruit-waste-based rations, the necessity for taste improvement and a supply of soluble carbohydrate does not arise. Cereal grain, protein feed, and wheat bran are the other main sources of conventional nutrients. In addition, limestone, dicalcium, tricalcium or monosodium phosphate and sal! ' are used to cover mineral requirements in formulated rations. In case any of the "typical'' ingredients comprising formulated rations is not available, a number of nutritionally similar ingredients is listed, with approximate conversion factors, to ena~le farmers to select appropriate substitutes available on their farms. The chapter on processing animal wastes at the farm level introduces only simple systems which can be applied to a wide farming community: ensiling, stacking, chemical treatment with formalin, and non-mechanical dehydration. Special attention is focused on the ensiling of animal wastes: description of the ensiling process, nutritional and feeding value of animal-waste-based silages, examples of ensiling of poultry litter with green forages, ens iling of layer and cattle manure with crop residues, silages comprising root crops and their by-productsfruit wastes, dry animal-waste-based silage and complex silages. A separate chapter sets out typical rations for dairy cows (or milking buffaloes) with broiler and replarement-bird litter and with broiler and layer manure. These poultry-waste-based rations, desirned for dairy animals, are presented only with selected principal counterpart ingredients, such as non-legume hay and green forage, root crops and their by-products, Almond hulls, apple pomace, banana fruit waste, banana peelings, banana plant (leaves + pseudostem), citrus and date fruit wastes, date kernel meal and pineapple cannery wastes. Similar examples of poultry-waste-based rations are formulated for beef cattle. Less comprehensive coverage is ' provided for poultry-waste-based formulas for dry pregnant cows, replacement heifers, lactating and gestating ewes and fat lambs. Examples of typical livestock rations cont aining dry and wet cattle manure are given for dairy and dry cows, beef, replacement cattle, and various classes of sheep, pig and poultry. Fewer details are given for formulas for pig-faecal-waste-based rations for large and small ruminants, and use of pig waste for monogastric animals is discouraged. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines - 1. State of knowledge, 1985
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No results found.A Technical Consultation on New Feed Resources was held at FAO Headquarters, Rome in 1976. This Consultation paid special attention to the potentialities of poor quality roughages derived from agriculture, the quantities available, and the improvementof the nutritive value of such roughages by the use of physical, chemical and biological methods. Attention was also given to agro-industrial by-products such as molasses, pulps, processed cassava and potato residues, oilcakes, milling by-produc ts, etc. along with the by-products of wood and the cellulose industries and to the recycling of animal wastes. In order to support studies on increasing the rate of utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products in animal feeding in Africa, the Animal Production and Health Division of FAO, in collaboration with several research institutes in that region, such as those in Cameroon, Nigeria and Senegal, set up in 1973 a network or the subject of 'West Africa. This network was to assist the activities being undertaker. in connection with this subject in African countries and to promote the exchange of research experience and other related information between African countries. To support the African network on better feed utilization, FAO in 1981 in collaboration with the International Livestock Centre for Africa MCA) organized the FAO/ILCA Workshop on Crop Residues and Agro-Industrial By-products in Animal Feeding, at Dakar, Senegal. About 40 scientists from 15 different African countries attended this workshop. The Workshop made many recommendations and laid down guidelines for the future activities of the African network. It stressed the importance of appropriate support and encouragement being given to the scientists undertaking research work on the subject at various institutes in different countries of Africa. The Dakar 'Workshop of 1981 made a recommendation amongst others that an Expert Consultation should be organized in ord er to establish guidelines for research on crop residues and agro-industrial by-products and that this consultation should produce a booklet in which would be described the detailed methodology employed and which would contain a compilation of all the known appropriate methods of analysis. In 1983, the Animal Production and Health Division of FAO included this Expert Consultation in their regular programme budget for the period 1984-1985. As the subject features prominently in the pro gramme activities of ILCA the Director, Dr. Brumby, expressed interest in collaborating with FAO in organizing such an Expert Consultation at ILCA Headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In the autumn of 1983, the Animal Production and Health Division of FAO sent a consultant (Dr. Preston) to review the present situation on research being undertaken on the utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial by products in selected African countries, nanely Carneroon, Nigeria and Senegal, and to ascertain how ILCA experts could cooperate in such research work. Dr. Preston's findings will serve as a background paper for the Expert Consultation. FAO and ILCA invited. scientists from various countries of the world to participate in the Expert Consultation, the main objectives of which were: to outline and discuss the present situation in regard to the kind of research going on in developing countries at the present time and the research methodologies which might suitabl y be employed in such research; to make recommendations and set down guidelines for research on crop residues and agro-industrial by-products for the guidance of research workers in developing countries in order that useful results can be achieved from their work.
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