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No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Treating Straw for Animal Feeding - an Assessment of its Technical and Economic Feasibility 1978
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No results found.In November 1976, FAO organised a technical consultationon new feed resources (PA011976). One session of this consultation was devoted to the improved utilisation of poor quality roughages. It was noted that a number of methods of treating straws to improve their feeding value.have been developed and that the widspread application of these methods could substantially increase effective feed resources. The coonomic feasibility ot these methods was however queetioned. As a follow up action, ther efore, arranged for the services of a consultant, Dr. M.G. Jackson, Professor of Animal Nutrition at the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India, to make an assessment of the feasibility of straw treatment from both technical and economic points of view. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Better utilization of crop residues and by-products in animal feeding: research guidelines - 2. A practical manual for research workers 1986
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No results found.The purpose of this Manual is to assist researchers in developing countries, especially those in the tropics, to develop livestock feeding systems based on the available resources which are mainly crop residues, dry and/or mature pastures and agroindustrial byproducts. The need for an alternative to the traditional methods of feed analysis was first raised at an Expert Consultation on New Feed Resources held in FAD Headquarters, Rome in November 1976. At that meting data were presented to show that the conventional feeding standards, derived fram research with feeds of temperate country origin, were of limited value when applied to the crop residues, dry pastures and sugar-rich agroindustrial byproducts which made up the feed inventory in most tropical countries. As a follow-up to this meeting a small network involving institutions frcm Cameroon, Nigeria and Senegal was set up by FAO to promote research on several locally available crop residues and agroindustrial byproducts. An FAO Seminar was organized in collaboration with the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), and held in Dakar, Senegal in September 1981. At this meeting, which addressed specifically the problems of utilizing feed resources in Africa, the first results of the Network were presented. During this discussion it became apparent that apart from the conceptual difficulties of applying in Africa the animal nutrition knowledge gained in Europe and North America, there were other serious limit ations of lack of infrastructure, especially laboratory equipment and the means of servicing, coupled with irregularities in electricity supplies. Ccmmunication among researchers working with tropical feed resources was found to be another limiting factor. It was resolved to extend the activities of the original Network to other countries in Africa and to join forces with the recently formed African Research Network on Agroindustrial Byproducts (ARNAB). It was proposed that the International Liv estock Centre for Africa, with its ccrnprehensive documentation and laboratory analytical facilities'. should provide the coordinating role. The conclusions and reccmmendations from the Dakar meeting were that there was a need to develop more appropriate procedures for evaluating crop residues and byproducts, taking into account the limited laboratory facilities of most institutions in Africa; and the nature of the livestock production systems, where multi-purpose traits such as draught power, ability to survive extended dry seasons and rural (transhumant) milk supply were greater relevance than the technologies from industrialized countries which emphasize specialized meat and milk production. The third meeting of the series was also organized by FAO and ILCA at Addis Ababa in March 1984 and addressed the specific issue of methodologies both for feed evaluation and research on livestock feeding systems. The advantages of promoting communication amoung different tropical regions w as emphasized by drawing on participants from Latin America, Asia and Africa to share their expaeriences with each other and with colleauges from Europe and North America, which have specific expertise to offer in the subject area. Consultation was charged with producinq two documents: the Proceedings dealing with the State of the Art of research into crop residues and byproducts; and a practical manual to serve as a guide for field workers, especially those operating with minimum facilities in terms of laboratory and literature support. Ruminants have received more attention than monogastrics. This is because, in tropical countries, they are generally the more important species from both the numerical and socio-econamic viewpoints. Furthermore, their physiological adaptations enable them to harvest and digest feeds, which are not available to the monogastric species, and which ipso facto are not competitive with humans for their food supply. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Feed from animal wastes
feeding manual
1984Also available in:
No results found.This manual is a continuation of an earlier book, Feed from Animal Wastes: State of Knowledge(FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 18 published by FAO in 1980. Its primary objective is to provide practical guidance in animal waste feeding to livestock by setting out a variety of formulas. It is intended primarily for animal growers, particularly in developing countries, who seek advice in the practical application of unconventional feed resources, in which animal wastes play an important role. The first chapter presents established standards of nutritional requirements for various species and classes of animal: lactating animals (dairy cows and milkingbuffaloes), dry pregnant cows, beef cattle, replacement cattle (heifers and other young growing cattle), lactating and gestating ewes and fattening lambs, pigs and poultry. Based on these standards, rations containing different levels of various animal wastes are formulated throughout the manual. Standards established for large and sm all ruminants are designed for a medium plane of nutrition, but some rations allow for a high plane. In formulating rations, only a limited number of feed ingredients other than animal wastes are used; the result is a series of typical simple formulas which can be adjusted to other conditions. Non-legume hay or green forage is used as a source of forage and/or roughage. Molasses is incorporated in most rations, except that in fruit-waste-based rations, the necessity for taste improvement and a supply of soluble carbohydrate does not arise. Cereal grain, protein feed, and wheat bran are the other main sources of conventional nutrients. In addition, limestone, dicalcium, tricalcium or monosodium phosphate and sal! ' are used to cover mineral requirements in formulated rations. In case any of the "typical'' ingredients comprising formulated rations is not available, a number of nutritionally similar ingredients is listed, with approximate conversion factors, to ena~le farmers to select appropriate substitutes available on their farms. The chapter on processing animal wastes at the farm level introduces only simple systems which can be applied to a wide farming community: ensiling, stacking, chemical treatment with formalin, and non-mechanical dehydration. Special attention is focused on the ensiling of animal wastes: description of the ensiling process, nutritional and feeding value of animal-waste-based silages, examples of ensiling of poultry litter with green forages, ens iling of layer and cattle manure with crop residues, silages comprising root crops and their by-productsfruit wastes, dry animal-waste-based silage and complex silages. A separate chapter sets out typical rations for dairy cows (or milking buffaloes) with broiler and replarement-bird litter and with broiler and layer manure. These poultry-waste-based rations, desirned for dairy animals, are presented only with selected principal counterpart ingredients, such as non-legume hay and green forage, root crops and their by-products, Almond hulls, apple pomace, banana fruit waste, banana peelings, banana plant (leaves + pseudostem), citrus and date fruit wastes, date kernel meal and pineapple cannery wastes. Similar examples of poultry-waste-based rations are formulated for beef cattle. Less comprehensive coverage is ' provided for poultry-waste-based formulas for dry pregnant cows, replacement heifers, lactating and gestating ewes and fat lambs. Examples of typical livestock rations cont aining dry and wet cattle manure are given for dairy and dry cows, beef, replacement cattle, and various classes of sheep, pig and poultry. Fewer details are given for formulas for pig-faecal-waste-based rations for large and small ruminants, and use of pig waste for monogastric animals is discouraged.
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