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No Thumbnail AvailableDocumentNon-thematic issue 1947
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An international journal of forestry and forest industries -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (series)Manual on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy 1998
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No results found.Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first recognized and defined as a pathological entity in the United Kingdom in November 1986 (Wells et al., 1996). Initial epidemiological investigations and examination of archived brains indicated that the first cases occurred around April 1985. Subsequently, the largest freeborn epidemic of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurred which has had severe economic effects and has caused concern for public health. The initial clinical signs of this fatal neurological disease are non-specific, typically involving behavioural changes. As the clinical phase progresses the disease is typified by alterations in mental state and of sensation and ataxia. The majority of affected animals reach the advanced stages within two to three months from the onset, when slaughter on welfare grounds becomes necessary (Wilesmith et al., 1988). The disease affects adult animals, with a peak age at onset of four to five years of age. Both se xes and all breeds are equally susceptible. BSE can only be confirmed post-mortem by pathological examination of brain tissue. Histological examination of the hind brain has been the primary method for the statutory diagnosis in the United Kingdom (Wells et al., 1989). The histological changes are typical of the TSEs. Microscopic lesions in the central nervous system consist of bilaterally symmetrical, non inflammatory vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and grey matter neuropil. BSE is transmissible by parenteral inoculation of inbred strains of mice (Fraser et al., 1988) and cattle (Dawson, Wells and Parker, 1990). In cattle the incubation period is approximately 18 months using brain homogenates from natural terminal cases. -
Book (stand-alone)Tackling antimicrobial use and resistance in dairy cattle
Lessons learned in Sweden
2020Also available in:
This publication describes the long-term efforts of the Swedish dairy sector to keep animals healthy, thereby putting Swedish dairy farms at the top with regards to low use of antibiotics combined with high productivity. The Swedish success story rests on strong partnerships among farmer organizations, veterinary services, academia, and government agencies and ministries. This document is a tribute to the pioneers and current stakeholders for their sustained work in continuously improving animal health, welfare and productivity, including through the development and implementation of specific health programmes, the recording of production and disease data, the formulation of treatment guidelines and the surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance and use. Key has been a bottom-up approach, allowing farmers' views and conditions to be considered before introducing interventions for limiting the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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