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The State of Food and Agriculture 2020

Overcoming water challenges in agriculture

Copyright licence

Year of publication 2020

Place of publication Rome, Italy ;

Pages 210 p.

Author FAO

Publisher FAO ;

Product type Book (series)

Category Flagship

ISBN 978-92-5-133441-6

Series title The State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA)

Series number 2020

Edition 1

To cite or share https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1447en

Synopsis (short abstract) Intensifying water constraints threaten food security and nutrition. Thus, urgent action is needed to make water use in agriculture more sustainable and equitable. Irrigated agriculture remains by far the largest user of freshwater, but scarcity of freshwater is a growing problem owing to increasing demand and competition for freshwater resources. At the same time, rainfed agriculture is facing increasing precipitation variability driven by climate change. These trends will exacerbate disputes among water users and inequality in access to water, especially for small-scale farmers, the rural poor and other vulnerable populations. The State of Food and Agriculture 2020 presents new estimates on the pervasiveness of water scarcity in irrigated agriculture and of water shortages in rainfed agriculture, as well as on the number of people affected. It finds major differences across countries, and also substantial spatial variation within countries. This evidence informs a discussion of how countries may determine appropriate policies and interventions, depending on the nature and magnitude of the problem, but also on other factors such as the type of agricultural production system and countries’ level of development and their political structures. Based on this, the publication provides guidance on how countries can prioritize policies and interventions to overcome water constraints in agriculture, while ensuring efficient, sustainable and equitable access to water.

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Last updated 14/08/2025

Cite this content as:

​FAO. 2020. The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Overcoming water challenges in agriculture. Rome.

https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1447en

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