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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookCosts and benefits of clean energy technologies in the milk, vegetable and rice value chains
Intervention level
2018Also available in:
No results found.The report focuses on three food supply value chains, their costs, benefits and sustainability potentials were analysed together with unintended impacts at the intervention level (e.g. at farmer or food processor level). A methodological approach was developed to provide a sound and comprehensive cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The potential added value of these technologies for different stakeholders was then considered using selected case studies. The methodological approach highlights hidden environmental and socio-economic costs of interventions, such as government-subsidized fossil fuel, which are often borne by non-economic operators. Such costs and co-benefits were therefore included and highlighted in the analysis and compared to a simple financial analysis to inform investments. A range of 12 impact indicators was developed to assess potential non-monetized environmental and socio-economic impacts that could arise when introducing an innovative clean energy technology. Costs were compiled for each of the selected agrifood clean energy technologies, based on case studies where data were available. A CBA for intervention-level was then conducted to assess the impacts from adopting a specific technology, such as an improvement in the efficient use of energy. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureCosts and Benefits of Clean Energy Technologies in Kenya’s Milk Value Chain 2018
Also available in:
No results found.This policy brief summarizes the policy recommendations stemming from the FAO Investing in Sustainable Energy Technologies for the Agrifood Sector (INVESTA) project. Here the focus is on how to foster investment and adoption of biogas digesters for power generattion, biogas domestic milk chillers and solar milk coolers in Kenya. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureCosts and Benefits of Clean Energy Technologies in Kenya’s Vegetable Value Chain 2018
Also available in:
No results found.This policy brief summarizes the policy recommendations stemming from the FAO Investing in Sustainable Energy Technologies for the Agrifood Sector (INVESTA) project. Here the focus is on how to foster investment and adoption of solar cold storage for tomatoes and green beans, and solar-powered water pumping in Kenya.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
DocumentOther documentGlobal Forest Resources Assessment - FRA 2020 - Terms and Definitions
Working Paper No. 188
2018FAO has been coordinating global forest resources assessments every five to ten years since 1946. The assessments have to a great extent contributed to the improvement of concepts, definitions and methods related to forest resources assessments. Strong efforts have been made to harmonize and streamline reporting with other international forest-related processes e.g. within the framework of the Collaborative Partnership on Forest (CPF), as well as with the partner organizations of the Collaborative Forest Resources Questionnaire (CFRQ) and the scientific community, all in order to harmonize and improve forest related definitions and reduce reporting burden on countries. The core definitions build on earlier global assessments to ensure comparability over time. Whenever new definitions are introduced or old definitions modified this is done taking into consideration recommendations from experts in various fora.