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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookIntegrating surveys with geospatial data through small area estimation to disaggregate SDG indicators at subnational level
Case study on SDG Indicators 2.3.1 and 2.3.2
2023Also available in:
No results found.The present technical report illustrates a case study on the adoption of small area estimation techniques to produce granular sub-national estimates of SDG Indicators 2.3.1 and 2.3.2, by integrating survey microdata with auxiliary information retrieved from various trustworthy geospatial information systems. The technical report provides practical guidance to national statistical offices and other institutions wanting to implement small area estimation techniques on SDG Indicators 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 or similar indicators based on surveys microdata. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical studyAn indirect estimation approach for disaggregating SDG indicators using survey data
Case study based on SDG Indicator 2.1.2
2022Also available in:
No results found.As the custodian United Nations (UN) agency of 21 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators, and a member of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) and the Working Group on data disaggregation, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been working to support countries in reporting SDG indicators at the required disaggregation level. To this end, FAO Office of Chief Statistician (OCS) has developed Guidelines on data disaggregation for SDG Indicators using survey data (FAO, 2021), which offer methodological and practical guidance for the production of direct and indirect estimates of SDG indicators having surveys as their main or preferred data source. This technical report presents a case study based on the so-called “projection estimator”, allowing the integration of two independent surveys for the production of synthetic disaggregated estimates. In particular, the publication presents a practical exercise focused on the production of disaggregated estimates for SDG Indicator 2.1.2, on the Prevalence of Moderate or Severe Food Insecurity in the population based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). This application – based on survey microdata from Malawi – expands and enriches the brief practical exercise presented in the Guidelines. -
Book (series)Working paperDisaggregating data for development: a cost-effective approach to SDG Indicators 2.1.2, 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 in Latin America using small area estimation 2025
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No results found.This paper presents the experience of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in providing technical assistance to four countries in Latin America – Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador – to produce small area estimates for three Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators: SDG Indicator 2.1.2, on the prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity in the population based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES); SDG Indicator 2.3.1, measuring the average value of agricultural production per labour unit; and SDG Indicator 2.3.2, on the average income of small-scale food producers.The paper describes the methodological details and results of the case studies developed, showing how small area estimation can be used to increase the precision of estimates at the subnational level and produce predictions in estimation domains excluded from the sample. It discusses the policy implications of having SDG estimates at the subnational level, and how countries can use this information to formulate programmes and allocate funds. The paper concludes with recommendations on how small area estimation can be incorporated in the processes implemented at the national level to produce agriculture and food security statistics.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022
Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable
2022This year’s report should dispel any lingering doubts that the world is moving backwards in its efforts to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. We are now only eight years away from 2030, but the distance to reach many of the SDG 2 targets is growing wider each year. There are indeed efforts to make progress towards SDG 2, yet they are proving insufficient in the face of a more challenging and uncertain context. The intensification of the major drivers behind recent food insecurity and malnutrition trends (i.e. conflict, climate extremes and economic shocks) combined with the high cost of nutritious foods and growing inequalities will continue to challenge food security and nutrition. This will be the case until agrifood systems are transformed, become more resilient and are delivering lower cost nutritious foods and affordable healthy diets for all, sustainably and inclusively. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023
Urbanization, agrifood systems transformation and healthy diets across the rural–urban continuum
2023This report provides an update on global progress towards the targets of ending hunger (SDG Target 2.1) and all forms of malnutrition (SDG Target 2.2) and estimates on the number of people who are unable to afford a healthy diet. Since its 2017 edition, this report has repeatedly highlighted that the intensification and interaction of conflict, climate extremes and economic slowdowns and downturns, combined with highly unaffordable nutritious foods and growing inequality, are pushing us off track to meet the SDG 2 targets. However, other important megatrends must also be factored into the analysis to fully understand the challenges and opportunities for meeting the SDG 2 targets. One such megatrend, and the focus of this year’s report, is urbanization. New evidence shows that food purchases in some countries are no longer high only among urban households but also among rural households. Consumption of highly processed foods is also increasing in peri-urban and rural areas of some countries. These changes are affecting people’s food security and nutrition in ways that differ depending on where they live across the rural–urban continuum. This timely and relevant theme is aligned with the United Nations General Assembly-endorsed New Urban Agenda, and the report provides recommendations on the policies, investments and actions needed to address the challenges of agrifood systems transformation under urbanization and to enable opportunities for ensuring access to affordable healthy diets for everyone. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
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No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021.