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Book (series)Normative documentThe impact of veterinary drug residues on the gut microbiome and human health
A food safety perspective
2023Also available in:
With a food safety focus, a scientific literature review was conducted to characterize the current understanding about the effects of veterinary drug residues on the human gut microbiome and potential implications on human health and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The main aspects analysed are (1) effects of individual or combined drugs on the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome using in vivo or in vitro models; (2) health implications resulting from the veterinary drug-microbiome interactions and underlying mechanisms; (3) establishment of causality; and (4) influence of the gut microbiome on the metabolism and bioavailability of veterinary drugs. The research was also scoped to identify current gaps, limitations and needs for the eventual consideration of microbiome-related data in chemical risk assessment. With this work, ESF contributes to the FAO global programme on the impact of food systems on NCDs and obesity, by understanding the potential health implications of gut microbiome-veterinary drug interactions. The outcomes will provide information which can be used to improve nutritional strategies and food safety policies. -
Book (series)Normative documentThe impact of microplastics on the gut microbiome and health
A food safety perspective
2023Also available in:
No results found.With a food safety focus, a scientific literature review was conducted to characterize the current understanding about the effects of microplastics on the gut microbiome and potential health implications. The main aspects analysed are (1) the effects of microplastics on the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome using in vito and in vivo models; (2) health implications resulting from the microplastic–microbiome interactions and underlying mechanisms; (3) the establishment of causality; and (4) influence of the gut microbiome on microplastic biodegradation. The research was also scoped to identify current gaps, limitations and needs for the eventual consideration of microbiome-related data in chemical risk assessment. With this work, ESF contributes to the FAO global programme on the impact of food systems on NCDs and obesity, by understanding the potential health implications of gut microbiome–microplastic interactions. The outcomes will provide information which can be used to improve food safety policies. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe role of microbiome science in addressing malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases 2024
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No results found.Despite significant progress in certain areas, the world is off track for meeting global nutrition targets. It has long been known that exposure to an unhealthy (i.e. inadequate, unsafe and unbalanced) diet is a direct risk factor for all forms of malnutrition and health-related outcomes. Studies also suggest that the “dietary energy imbalance” concept (i.e. an excess of dietary energy consumed, as compared to actual energy expenditure) is far from sufficient to explain, manage and reverse the obesity epidemic and address undernutrition.A growing body of evidence shows that humans have a symbiotic relationship with the community of billions of microorganisms present in their intestines – the gut microbiome – and that this may have important implications for nutrition and health. This narrative review presents the state of knowledge regarding interconnections between the gut microbiome and human health, focusing in particular on obesity, undernutrition and diet-related NCDs. The paper also explores how changes in lifestyle and diet – especially early in life – can disturb or positively enhance the gut microbiome, and have potentially major impacts on human health (see Figure 1).It presents and discusses emerging innovations based on microbiome knowledge, and the potential implications of current evidence for actions to prevent various forms of malnutrition and related health outcomes. Major research gaps and needs, recommendations and policy implications are also addressed.
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Book (series)General interest bookTransboundary River Basin Overview – Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna 2011
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No results found.This river basin overview describes the state of the water resources and water use, as well as the state of agricultural water management in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin. The aim of this report is to describe the particularities of this transboundary river basin and the problems met in the development of the water resources, and irrigation in particular. Irrigation trends, existing policies and legislation to water use in agriculture, possible treaties and agreements between countries as well as prospects for water management in agriculture are presented, as described in literature. The AQUASTAT transboundaries river basin overview is based on the information available at the time it has been written or updated, generally every five to ten years. For the most recent reliable country data, please refer to the AQUASTAT main database -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.