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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookExpérimentations permettant de mesurer, d'analyser et de suivre la productivité de l’eau des oliviers en Tunisie
Méthodes, approches et résultats
2024Also available in:
No results found.En Tunisie, les premiers travaux sur la productivité de l'eau de l’olivier ont été réalisés au début des années 1960-1970. Durant la période 1970-1982, puis 1997-2021, des expérimentations ont été menées pour déterminer la productivité sous diverses conditions de culture et d’alimentation en eau. Ces travaux ont analysé l’effet des apports hydriques (pluie, irrigation de complément, irrigation déficitaire, irrigation par zone radiculaire) sur la culture de l’olivier. Pour ce faire, on a eu recours aux méthodes de bilan hydrique et de mesure du flux de la sève des arbres. Elles ont permis de mesurer de manière précise la consommation réelle en eau de l’olivier (transpiration, évapotranspiration réelle) et de calculer sa productivité en eau. La réponse au régime hydrique dépend de plusieurs paramètres. En utilisant le système d’irrigation localisée, la réponse à l’eau varie en fonction de différents facteurs: utilisation d’une ou deux rampes d’irrigation, situation de dessèchement partiel, alterné ou non, associé ou non à une salinité de l’eau, sous des conditions arides ou semi arides, intensives ou hyper intensives. En culture pluviale, la productivité de l'eau est de l’ordre de 0,4-0,5 kg d’olives/mètre cube sous de bonnes conditions culturales (sol profond, pluie supérieure à 350 mm/an). En terre peu fertile et sous un climat aride, avec une pluviométrie annuelle de l’ordre de 200-250 mm comme celle de Sfax, la productivité de l'eau chute à moins de 0,15 kg/mètre cube. Sous irrigation, les valeurs de la productivité de l'eau varient de 0,5 à 1,0 kg d’olives/mètre cube d’eau appliquée et ont dépassé pour certaines variétés 2 kg/mètre cube. Elles ne sont pas nécessairement plus élevées sous pleine irrigation (par rapport aux valeurs obtenues sous restriction hydrique). -
Book (stand-alone)Technical studyAnalyse de la gouvernance de l’eau dans la basse vallée de la Medjerda - Tunisie 2023
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No results found.En 2022, dans le cadre du projet «Efficacité, productivité et durabilité de l’eau dans la région du Proche-Orient et de l’Afrique du Nord», l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) a appuyé le Gouvernement tunisien dans l’analyse de la comptabilité de l’eau en combinaison avec l’analyse de la gouvernance de l’eau dans la basse vallée de la Medjerda (BVM). La BVM a été retenue pour son importance capitale dans le système hydraulique du nord du pays. En effet, la Medjerda, principal fleuve du pays, représente l’essentiel des réserves nationales en eau de surface, irrigue 80 000 hectares de terres agricoles et contribue à approvisionner plus d’un tiers de la population en eau potable (dont Tunis et Bizerte). Afin d’analyser la gouvernance de l’eau dans la BVM, l’équipe a utilisé le cadre méthodologique récemment élaboré par la FAO sur l'analyse de la gouvernance. L’analyse a permis d’identifier les problèmes clés de gouvernance de l’eau dans la BVM, qui contribuent à la pénurie de la ressource et à la dégradation de sa qualité et qui mettent en péril un système hydraulique stratégique pour l’approvisionnement en eau agricole et en eau potable du pays. La résolution de ces problèmes permettra de réduire la pression sur la ressource et d'en améliorer la qualité dans un contexte de changements climatiques. -
ProjectFactsheetAppui à la plateforme régionale de l’initiative sur la raréfaction de l’eau pour améliorer la productivité de l’eau - TCP/RAB/3602 2020
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The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is among the areas worst affected by chronic water shortages and, in coming decades, is likely to be faced by the most severe intensification of water scarcity in history. Per capita fresh water availability has decreased by two-thirds over the last forty years and is forecast to decrease by a further 50 percent by 2050. Demographic growth, a tendency to increase food self-sufficiency to reduce vulnerability to imports, price volatility, expanding urbanization, energy demands and overall socio-economic development, exacerbated by the negative impact of climate change and the degradation of water quality, are the main causes behind this intensification of scarcity. Agriculture, which consumes over 85 percent of available fresh water resources in the region, will most likely have to absorb the bulk of this shock, with major consequences for food security and the rural economy. Countries in the region thus need to plan their water resources allocation strategically and to review their water policies to ensure that the best use is made of the water available. To this end, it is essential to quantify the productivity of water use in agriculture. In response to the growing needs of member countries and to help them cope with this enormous challenge, FAO and partners launched in 2013 the Regional Water Scarcity Initiative in the Near East and North Africa. The first output of the Initiative was a Regional Collaborative Strategy (RCS) on Sustainable Agricultural Water Management. This represents a framework to assist countries in identifying and streamlining policies, governance and practice that can sustainably improve agricultural productivity and food security in the region. The overall aim of the project was to support the RCS by enhancing information and experience exchange in the region, by strengthening countries’ capacities to increase water productivity in selected farming systems, and by establishing the capacity to monitor water productivity via remote sensing (RS). The immediate objectives of the project included an updated architecture of RS-based monitoring systems in the project countries, and a standardized assessment of the water productivity of the major crop systems in each country, followed by an identification of good practices and affordable technologies for the increase of water productivity at farm level.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
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No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021.