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DocumentSmell the disease - Developing rapid, high-throughput and non-destructive screening methods for early detection of alien invasive forest pathogens and pests featuring next-generation technologies
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Global forests are increasingly threatened by alien invasive pathogens and pests. The magnitude of this threat is expected to further increase in the future, due to the warmer climate and more extensive global transports and trade of plants. Pests and pathogens are often introduced to new areas by trade with ornamental plants as intermediate hosts, and there is a great need to modernize the tools for detection of alien species in imported plants and in monitoring of those that are already established in our forests. To achieve this goal, research in forest pathology is focused on combining recent technological advances in robotics, next generation sequencing, and mass spectroscopic methods with knowledge about the specific metabolic responses in the pests and pathogens and the trees that they infest. Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) adsorbed on Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SPME) fibers is one promising method with potential for high-throughput detection of larger plant shipments. By the establishment of a library of chemical fingerprints characterizing specific pests and pathogens, one could non-destructively scan a large number of plants in ports or nurseries to eliminate presence of disease. The species-specific combination of VOCs can be utilized to prevent introduction of harmful pests and pathogens to new markets. One pathogen considered as a quarantine species and a serious threat on-the-horizon for coniferous forests is Pine Pitch Canker (PPC), a fungal pathogen affecting a variety of pine species with devastating economical and biological consequences, especially if it were to be established in a country like Sweden where about 38% of the standing forest volume consist of pine. Pathogens like this one are already introduced in several European countries, and need to be monitored and identified early to prevent further forest damage – a challenge that Forest pathologists have accepted. Keywords: Climate change, Sustainable forest management, Research, Monitoring and data collection, Deforestation and forest degradation ID: 3499048 -
ArticleHistory lessons from the late Joseon Dynasty period of Korea: Human technology (Ondol), its impacts on forests and people, and the role of the government
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Historical analogies can help us contextualize new technical developments with social, cultural, and political forces at work. The late Joseon Dynasty period of Korea (1639–1910), a closed economy with detailed written records, provides a rare opportunity to examine a social-ecological system (SES) responding to drivers of change over a long period of time. Based on historical records and reconstructed data, we aim to: (1) characterize how the expansion of human technology, Ondol (traditional underfloor heating system), affected different subsystems and their interactions within the SES over time; (2) examine the role of the government in promoting the technology and regulating its impacts; (3) summarize the pertinent lessons learned from old Korea for governing a modern-day bioeconomy. Ondol allows various forest biomass to be utilized as household fuel, including fuelwood, forest litter, and grass scraped from forest floor. Continuous biomass harvesting over 250 years to feed Ondol contributed to forest degradation and forest ecosystem condition trapped in the early successional stage in the Korean Peninsula. The ecological changes were exacerbated by the Pine Policy with a singular focus on reserving Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) for government uses. The policy failed to recognize basic needs of the public while countenancing an expansion of Ondol and a cultural preference for heated floors that propagated an increased use of biomass fuel. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing potential technology traps where a human innovation opened opportunities for more resource use. The lessons learned from old Korea show that bioeconomy transitions would require multifaceted governance responses, while being cautious about being too closely tied to the dominant national agenda. Keywords: bioeconomy; forest history; Joseon Dynasty; Korea; Ondol; social-ecological system ID: 3481758 -
ArticleLessons learned from national socioeconomic surveys in forestry
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Advancing conservation, restoration and sustainable management of forests is key to making progress towards the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition to monitoring biophysical conditions, mapping and measuring socioeconomic benefits from forests is critical to support policy-making that promotes improved targeting of SDG-oriented policies and to demonstrate contributions of forests to livelihoods. Obtaining socioeconomic information in forestry is essential to having a better understanding of the drivers of forest change and the extent to which individuals and communities rely upon forests and trees for meeting various needs ranging from livelihoods to well-being. A review of lessons learned from FAO’s involvement in forest-related socioeconomic data collection is presented, applying key steps of socioeconomic survey development and design, adapted from Neumann (2014), drawing on comparative experiences from eight countries. Key lessons are presented and recommendations made for future improvements to designing and implementing socioeconomic surveys as well as utilizing socioeconomic information in support of evidence-based policymaking. The review highlights that socioeconomic data collection as part of national forest inventory (NFI) efforts requires a clear focus on the objectives and purposes for collecting the data. Furthermore, it points to the importance of the choice of sampling frames and their effect on inferences about characteristics of forests and inferences about socioeconomic characteristics of the human population. Different institutional collaboration and data collection procedures have been piloted and developed, with varying success, to meet these challenges. Keywords: Socioeconomic surveys; forestry data; socioeconomic monitoring, national forest inventories; sampling frames ID: 3487337
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