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Mediterranean Region Aquaculture Development, Phase II : Europe Region, Near East Region: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Malta, Morocco, Portugal, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, Yugoslavia: Project findings and recommendations






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    Status of Cochineal and Opuntia spp. production in the Near East North Africa (NENA) region 2022: a perspective from Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia 2022
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    The multispecies (spp.) plant genus Opuntia (commonly referred to as cactus pear) plays a significant socioeconomic, environmental and nutritional role for many countries in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region where cactus production is becoming an increasingly popular source of livelihoods. One of the major pests that threaten Opuntia spp. worldwide is Dactylopius opuntiae (D. opuntiae), commonly known as prickly pear cochineal. Presence of this pest in the NENA region was first recorded in Lebanon in 2012. Since then, rapid cochineal spread has been officially documented in Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Morocco with differing levels of significance. The insect is considered one of the most significant insect pests for cactus orchards, where it can infest large areas causing significant damage and limiting cactus forage and fruit production. This assessment report indicates that most countries were unprepared for the outbreak. Lack of knowledge of the pest and slow action to establish quarantine areas led to its rapid spread. This assessment report emphasizes the need for greater agroecological alternatives to contain the cochineal spread in NENA. Greater research and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are needed with broader promotion and adoption of the pest’s natural enemies. The report outlined a pest monitoring strategy, a protocol for cochineal control and road map and road map for the next actions to be taken by the countries.
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    Vulnerability assessment of Mediterranean forest ecosystem to climate change in selected pilot sites in Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey 2016
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    Located in the Keserwan-Jbeil region of Lebanon, the Jabal Moussa Biosphere Reserve (N 34º 03’ 43.93”, E 35º 46’ 09.84”) is bordered by the Nahr Ibrahim river to the north and the Nahr el Dahab river to the south. The area of the reserve is approximately 6 500 ha large and the range of altitudes (350 to 1 600 m) is responsible for a wide variety of habitats. A typical Mediterranean ecosystem is located within the reserve, where evergreen sclerophylic shrubs and forests are the most common type o f vegetation spread on karstic landscapes and steep slopes. Jabal Moussa was designated as a Protected Forest by the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture in 2008. A year later, it was declared as a Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Program, as well as an Important Bird Area by Bird Life International. Like all UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, Jabal Moussa is divided into three main management zones: core area, buffer zone, and development or transition zone (Figure

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    The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
    Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
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    In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.