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Book (stand-alone)Technical reportCase Studies on Price Integration in International Seafood Trade 2016
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No results found.Methods of price integration have been used to test price competition and transmission in the value chain of a selected group of seafood commodities imported into the Spanish market from developed and developing countries. The selected commodities are salted cod and frozen hake (whole and fillets) and frozen squid. The models studied involve data on prices of imports from different countries and of domestic retail. With the exception of frozen whole hake, price competition across exporters has b een found in all the other commodities. Price and quality leaders have been identified in all cases. Price transmission has also been verified in salted cod, frozen hake fillets and frozen squid. Results of this analysis indicate that bargaining power is more likely to be exerted by Spanish importers when the trade partners are developing countries, such as in the case of hake and squid. On the contrary, when exporters are based in developed countries, as is the case for salted cod, bargaining p ower is more likely to be exerted by exporters than by importers. -
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Book (series)Technical reportTariffs in world seafood trade 2006Given that more than half of world seafood exports originate in developing countries, an objective in the current round of negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to reduce seafood tariffs. This paper examines tariffs for seafood in 169 countries, covering most of world trade, and 143 out of 148 WTO members. Average applied tariffs for seafood in each country are mostly spread out between 0 and 30 percent, with a median at 14 percent. Weighted by the economic size of importing countries, the world average is 8-10 percent. For WTO members, only 60 percent of tariffs for seafood are bound - i.e. subject to upper bounds negotiated in the WTO. Bound tariff averages for seafood mostly range from 0 to 60 percent, with a median at 34 percent. Hence there is a considerable amount of "water in the tariffs"; as an example, a 40 percent proportional cut in bound tariffs worldwide may lead to a cut in applied tariffs of only 9 percent. Seafood tariffs are higher than tariffs for industrial goods; this is especially the case for applied tariffs. There is some tariff escalation with higher tariffs for processed goods, but the evidence on this is ambiguous. Preferential tariffs are of increasing importance in many countries, but some of the richest countries have low tariffs for all suppliers and this reduces the impact of preferences. For the European Union, Japan and some developing countries, however, preferences are important. Poor countries have, on average, higher tariffs and a lower extent of tariff binding than rich countries. There is, however, great heterogeneity, so there are also free traders among the poorest countries.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (series)Technical studyAssessment and management of biotoxin risks in bivalve molluscs 2011
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No results found.Biotoxins produced by certain algal species can be accumulated by bivalve molluscs. This constitutes one of the major public health risks that need to be managed during shellfish production. With a view to aiding risk assessment, monitoring and surveillance programmes, this paper provides a range of information about the various biotoxins globally recorded in shellfish: levels detected, toxicological data, methods of analysis for detection and quantification of toxins, and the risk assessment ap proach for public health management. The complex chemical nature of the toxins, along with several analogues, hampers the development and validation of methods for their detection, for the evaluation of their toxicity and for the development of limits for shellfish safety management. This paper also illustrates the approach taken by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in developing guidelines for bivalve shellfish safety management and for establishing Codex standards for live and raw bivalve moll uscs. -
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