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ПОДКОМИТЕТ ПО ТОРГОВЛЕ РЫБОЙ. Обзор требований к качеству и безопасности пищевых продуктов, необходимых для доступа на рынки











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    本技术手册首先介绍了鱼菜共生的概念,包括其发展简史及其在无土栽培和现代农业大范畴中的地位。随后是鱼菜共生的主要理论框架,包括氮循环和硝化作用、细菌的作用、鱼菜共生系统均衡的概念;接着介绍了重要的技术内容,包括水质参数、水质测试和鱼菜共生的水源,以及系统设计的一些方法和理论,包括三种主要的鱼菜共生系统:基质床栽培、营养膜栽培和深水栽培。本手册详细介绍了鱼菜共生生态系统组成的三类生物(细菌、植物和鱼类),手册还介绍了管理策略和故障排除方法以及相关的话题,尤其强调了鱼菜共生投入品中当地可持续材料的使用。本手册还包含九个附录,介绍了其他重要内容:鱼菜共生中常见植物生长的最适条件;常见病虫害的化学和生物防治,包含一份共用的种植指南;常见鱼病及其症状、病因以及治疗方法;在鱼类种群量和投饲量一定的条件下,计算生成的氨含量和所需的生物过滤介质数量;自制鱼饲料的生产;建立鱼菜共生系统装置的步骤和注意事项;小规模基质栽培鱼菜共生系统的成本收益分析;构建三种小规模鱼菜共生系统的综合指导步骤;以及本手册的简要总结,用作拓展、延伸和教育的补充材料。
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    The State of Food and Agriculture 2019
    Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction
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    The need to reduce food loss and waste is firmly embedded in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Food loss and waste reduction is considered important for improving food security and nutrition, promoting environmental sustainability and lowering production costs. However, efforts to reduce food loss and waste will only be effective if informed by a solid understanding of the problem. This report provides new estimates of the percentage of the world’s food lost from production up to the retail level. The report also finds a vast diversity in existing estimates of losses, even for the same commodities and for the same stages in the supply chain. Clearly identifying and understanding critical loss points in specific supply chains – where considerable potential exists for reducing food losses – is crucial to deciding on appropriate measures. The report provides some guiding principles for interventions based on the objectives being pursued through food loss and waste reductions, be they in improved economic efficiency, food security and nutrition, or environmental sustainability.
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