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Water desalination for agricultural applications










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    Book (stand-alone)
    Technical report
    Desalination for agricultural development: Addressing opportunities and challenges in the context of climate change and the global agricultural commodity market
    Expert consultation workshop report
    2025
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    The integration of desalination into agricultural practices presents a transformative opportunity to address water scarcity in a rapidly changing climate. This guidance document has highlighted the technological advances, agronomic opportunities, economic challenges, environmental impacts and social considerations associated with doing so.Technologically, desalination has evolved significantly, offering viable solutions for both seawater and brackish water, with reverse osmosis leading the way. However, the high costs and energy requirements of desalination remain significant challenges, particularly for widespread agricultural use. Innovations in energy efficiency, brine management, and the potential for resource recovery from brine are promising developments that could lower costs and environmental impacts in the future.Agronomically, desalinated water can support high-value crops, and it has the potential to support food security in regions facing severe water scarcity. However, the unique chemical composition of desalinated water, including low nutrient content and the potential for phytotoxicity, necessitates careful management to avoid adverse effects on soil health and crop productivity. Blending desalinated water with water from other sources and adjusting fertilization practices can mitigate some of these concerns.Economically, the viability of desalination for agriculture depends on the value of the crops being irrigated, the proximity of desalination plants to agricultural lands, and the availability of financing mechanisms. The high cost of desalinated water requires targeted subsidies, public–private partnerships, and innovative financing models to make it accessible and sustainable for farmers, particularly in developing regions. Further research is needed to analyse the costs and benefits of desalination for “strategic” crops in water-scarce areas – such as cereals and animal fodder – which are intended to contribute to food security.Environmental sustainability is a critical consideration, with desalination’s energy intensity and brine disposal posing significant risks. The shift towards renewable energy sources and the development of brine valorization strategies are essential steps towards reducing the environmental footprint of desalination. Moreover, the potential for desalination to contribute to aquifer recharge and prevent overextraction of freshwater resources offers additional environmental benefits.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Technical book
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    Proceedings
    Irrigation scheduling: From theory to practice. Proceedings 1996
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    Bulletin
    Non-wood news
    An information bulletin on Non-Wood Forest Products
    2007
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    Behind the new-look Non-Wood News is the usual wealth of information from the world of NWFPs. The Special Features section covers two different aspects of NWFPs: a specific product (bamboo) and a developing market (cosmetics and beauty care). Bamboo is versatile: it can be transformed, for example, into textiles, charcoal, vinegar, green plastic or paper and can also be used as a food source, a deodorant, an innovative building material and to fuel power stations. Reports indicate that natural c osmetics and beauty care are a huge global market, with forecasts indicating an annual growth of 9 percent through 2008. The Special Feature on Forest cosmetics: NWFP use in the beauty industry builds on this and includes information industry interest and marketing strategies (consumers are being drawn to natural products and thus their content is emphasized). As can be seen from the articles on shea butter in Africa and thanakha in Myanmar, many societies have always used and benefited from nat ural cosmetics. This issue includes other examples of traditional knowledge, such as the uses of the secretions of a poisonous tree frog in Brazil and the use by the traditional healers in India of allelopathic knowledge.
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    Yearbook
    FAO Yearbook of Forest Products 1994 1996
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    The FAO Yearbook of Forest Products is a compilation of statistical data on basic forest products for all countries and territories of the world. It contains series of annual data on the volume of production and the volume and value of trade in forest products. It includes tables showing direction of trade and average unit values of trade for certain products. Statistical information in the yearbook is based primarily on data provided to the FAO Forestry Department by the countries through quest ionnaires or official publications. In the absence of official data, FAO makes an estimate based on the best information available.
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    Book (stand-alone)
    Manual / guide
    Guía sobre incentivos para la inversión responsable en la agricultura y los sistemas alimentarios 2021
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    El aumento de la inversión en agricultura y sistemas alimentarios -tanto del sector privado como del público- es fundamental para mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, reducir la pobreza y adaptarse al cambio climático. Para generar beneficios sostenibles, esta inversión debe ser responsable. ¿Qué papel deben desempeñar los incentivos a la inversión para fomentarla? Esta Guía ayuda a responder a esa pregunta. En concreto, la Guía ofrece a los responsables políticos y al personal técnico de los gobiernos una orientación sobre cómo pueden utilizarse los incentivos a la inversión (y cómo no deben utilizarse) para potenciar la inversión responsable en la agricultura y los sistemas alimentarios. La Guía ofrece una visión general de la inversión responsable en la agricultura y los sistemas alimentarios; examina los tipos comunes de incentivos; ofrece consideraciones generales sobre cómo pueden utilizarse los incentivos; y analiza cómo planificar, diseñar, supervisar y evaluar los incentivos a la inversión para la inversión responsable en la agricultura y los sistemas alimentarios.