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السلامة، النوعية والتجارة بالأسماك

<i>Meeting document COFI:FT/VIII/2002/9</i>












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    This paper compiles the state of knowledge on fish safety and quality with the view to providing a succinct yet comprehensive resource book for risk and fish quality managers. After an introduction to world fish production and consumption and the developments in safety and quality systems, it provides a detailed review of the hazards that cause public health concerns in fish and fish products. Several chapters are devoted to risk mitigation and management tools, with a detailed descrip tion of the requirements for the implementation of the Good Hygienic and Manufacturing Practices (GHP/GMP) of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and of the monitoring programmes to control biotoxins, pathogenic bacteria and viruses, and chemical pollutants. Chapters on the use of microbiological criteria, the use of the HACCP approach to target quality aspects other than safety matters, predictive microbiology, traceability and examples of food safety objectives complete the document.
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    النصوص الأساسية لسلامة الأغذية 2002
    ترسي النصوص الأساسية للدستور الغذائي بشأن النظافة العامة للأغذية، أساسا متينا لفهم كيفية وضع وتطبيق القواعد واللوائح الخاصة بالنظافة العامة للأغذية. وتحتوي هذه الطبعة الثانية من النصوص الأساسية على مراجعات للطبعة الأولى، كما تحتوي على "المبادئ والخطوط التوجيهية لتقدير الأخطار الميكروبيولوجية" التي أخذ بها مؤخرا. كما يتضمن هذا الكتيب "المبادئ العامة لسلامة الأغذية"، وهي المبادئ التي تغطي ممارسات السلامة ابتداء من الإنتاج الأول وحتى الاستهلاك الأخير، مع بيان أهم خطوات المراقبة الصحية في كل مرحلة، وأكثر الأوصاف المستخدمة في العالم لنظام "تحليل المخاطر ونقطة المراقبة الحرجة والخطوط التوجيهية لتطبيقه" و "مبادئ وضع وتطبيق المعايير الميكروبيولوجية للأغذية". وسوف تفيد هذه النصوص الأساسية السلطات الحكومية، والصناعات الغذائية، وجميع المتعاملين في الأغذية، والمستهلكين، وكذلك الطلبة والمدرسين في مجال النظافة العامة للأغذية.

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    The purpose of planning for forestry development is to establish a workable framework for forest use and conservation which incorporates the economic, social and environmental dimensions on a sustainable basis. The framework is about creating a shared vision of how forests will be used and protected. This can be summed up in a single central question: Trees and forests for whom and for what? The question is not new but what is new is the perception that so many different groups have an interest in the reply. Forestry planning has traditionally been mainly concerned with the production of timber for industry and other wood products, and with forest industry development. Planning for environmental goals also has a long history but was largely restricted to designated areas for exclusive conservation. National forestry development agencies were essentially responsible for the sustained yield management on protected public forest lands and for reserved forests. The term "sustained yield " was mostly limited to wood production and therefore excluded the majority of other forest products and services. Although most forestry agencies have made progress towards multiple-use management, planning remains often biased towards timber in a wide range of countries. Many of the actions taken in order to stimulate forestry development in the immediate failed to sustain the momentum of growth in the longer term. Short term achievements sometimes resulted in degradation or destruction of the stock of natural capital needed in order to maintain growth in the future or reduced options for future end uses by degrading the forest capital.
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